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Eye (London, England) Mar 2003
Review
Topics: Child; Eye Movements; Guillain-Barre Syndrome; Humans; Male; Nerve Regeneration; Oculomotor Nerve; Quadriplegia
PubMed: 12640420
DOI: 10.1038/sj.eye.6700310 -
Surgical and Radiologic Anatomy : SRA 1998This study has been performed to define better the anatomical structure of the oculomotor nuclear complex and its neuronal components. The oculomotor nuclear complex was...
This study has been performed to define better the anatomical structure of the oculomotor nuclear complex and its neuronal components. The oculomotor nuclear complex was examined in fixed and serially sectioned midbrains from 12 adult subjects free from neurological diseases. The complex included the somatic portion, (formed by multipolar motor neurons), and the parasympathetic portion, (formed by oval or fusiform preganglionic cells), on each side of the median raphe. The somatic portion consisted of the lateral somatic cell column and the caudal central nucleus. The somatic column measured from 0.2 x 0.1 mm to 3.4 x 1.4 mm (X = 2.4 x 1.2 mm) in transverse section. It was divided into the principal, intrafascicular and extrafascicular parts. The principal part was subdivided into the dorsal, intermediate and ventral portions. Isolated multipolar neurons were also found in the periaqueductal gray matter, the interstitial nucleus of Cajal, the Edinger-Westphal nucleus and the fibre bundles of the oculomotor nerve. These cells most likely represent the displaced motor neurons of the oculomotor nerve. The caudal central nucleus was 0.8 x 0.6 mm in size. The Edinger-Westphal nucleus consisted of the rostral, ventral and dorsal parts; the longest rostrocaudal diameter of this nucleus measured 7.1 mm. The anatomical data of our study are relevant clinically and allow explanation of the neurologic signs following complete or partial lesions of the oculomotor nuclear complex.
Topics: Adult; Cadaver; Humans; Mesencephalon; Motor Neurons; Oculomotor Nerve
PubMed: 9574483
DOI: No ID Found -
Strabismus Jun 2004MRI is the imaging method of choice in patients with cranial nerve palsies. However, the nerves are often not seen on MR images and smaller lesions may not be diagnosed...
MRI is the imaging method of choice in patients with cranial nerve palsies. However, the nerves are often not seen on MR images and smaller lesions may not be diagnosed on routine brain MRI. The purpose of this study is to show that the oculomotor cranial nerves can be visualized by standard MR sequences and to present an update on clinical applications of cranial nerve imaging. In MR images of normal subjects, it is demonstrated that the oculomotor nerve, the trochlear nerve and the abducens nerve can be identified not only in the subarachnoid space and cavernous sinus, but also in the orbit. However, a precondition is the use of appropriate imaging sequences and planes (e.g., subarachnoid cisterns: T2-weighted fast spin-echo or T2*-weighted three-dimensional sequences in oblique-axial and sagittal planes; cavernous sinus: contrast-enhanced T1-weighted coronal images; orbit: T1-weighted images without contrast agent in the coronal plane obtained using surface coils). The capability of imaging cranial nerves is clinically important not only for diagnostic purposes in eye muscle palsies but also for planning surgical procedures at the cranio-orbital junction.
Topics: Abducens Nerve; Eye; Humans; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Oculomotor Nerve; Trochlear Nerve
PubMed: 15672931
DOI: 10.1080/09273970490517511 -
Progress in Brain Research 1972
Topics: Animals; Cyprinidae; Eye Movements; Neurons, Afferent; Neurons, Efferent; Oculomotor Nerve; Vestibular Function Tests; Vestibular Nerve
PubMed: 4642048
DOI: 10.1016/S0079-6123(08)63919-9 -
Seminars in Ultrasound, CT, and MR Jun 1998The eye movements are controlled by the cranial nerves 3, 4, and 6 working in close cooperation under the supervision of the voluntary cortex. Clinically, the most... (Review)
Review
The eye movements are controlled by the cranial nerves 3, 4, and 6 working in close cooperation under the supervision of the voluntary cortex. Clinically, the most common presentation of abnormal ocular motor motion is double vision. A thorough clinical examination can usually separate a local orbital cause which can produce a restriction of the muscles moving the eye from a neurogenic cause due to an abnormality of one of the three nerves or their association pathways. Recent articles in the scientific literature have described major advances in our understanding of the anatomy and vascular relationships of the three ocular motor nerves (cranial nerves 3, 4, and 6) and of the diagnosis and treatment of a variety of pathological processes that damage these nerves, including ischemia, inflammation, and compression.
Topics: Abducens Nerve; Diplopia; Humans; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Oculomotor Muscles; Oculomotor Nerve; Oculomotor Nerve Diseases; Radiography; Trochlear Nerve
PubMed: 9686687
DOI: 10.1016/s0887-2171(98)90010-5 -
Journal of Neurosurgery Jul 1999Intraoperative monitoring techniques for protecting the integrity of the oculomotor nerves during skull base surgery have been reported by several investigators, all of...
Intraoperative monitoring techniques for protecting the integrity of the oculomotor nerves during skull base surgery have been reported by several investigators, all of which involved the use of electromyographic responses to extraocular muscles. However, these techniques have not yet become popular because of the complexity of the procedures. The authors report an extremely simple and far more reliable technique in which electrooculographic (EOG) monitoring is used. The oculomotor nerves were stimulated with a monopolar electrode during skull base exposure. The polarity of the EOG responses recorded with surface electrodes placed on the skin around the eyeball yielded precise information concerning the location and function of the oculomotor and abducent nerves. In addition, with the aid of continuous EOG monitoring that detected transient changes in the background waves, surgical procedures that might impinge on oculomotor nerve function could be avoided. The present technique has been used in eight patients with skull base tumors and with it, the authors have achieved excellent results.
Topics: Electrooculography; Female; Humans; Middle Aged; Monitoring, Intraoperative; Oculomotor Nerve; Skull Base
PubMed: 10389898
DOI: 10.3171/jns.1999.91.1.0157 -
Cerebellum (London, England) Jun 2020The cerebellum and the basal ganglia play an important role in the control of voluntary eye movement associated with complex behavior, but little is known about how...
The cerebellum and the basal ganglia play an important role in the control of voluntary eye movement associated with complex behavior, but little is known about how cerebellar projections project to cortical eye movement areas. Here we used retrograde transneuronal transport of rabies virus to identify neurons in the cerebellar nuclei that project via the thalamus to supplementary eye field (SEF) of the frontal cortex of macaques. After rabies injections into the SEF, many neurons in the restricted region, the ventral aspects of the dentate nucleus (DN), the caudal pole of the DN, and the posterior interpositus nucleus (PIN) were labeled disynaptically via the thalamus, whereas no neuron labeling was found in the anterior interpositus nucleus (AIN). The distribution of the labeled neurons was dorsoventrally different from that of DN and PIN neurons labeled from the motor cortex. In the basal ganglia, a large number of labeled neurons were confined to the dorsomedial portion of the internal segment of the globus pallidus (GPi) as more neurons were labeled in the inner portion of the GPi (GPii) than in the outer portion of the GPi (GPio). This is the first evidence of a projection between cerebellum/basal ganglia and the SEF that could enable the cerebellum to modulate the cognitive control of voluntary eye movement.
Topics: Animals; Cerebellar Nuclei; Eye Movements; Macaca; Motor Cortex; Neural Pathways; Oculomotor Nerve
PubMed: 32076936
DOI: 10.1007/s12311-020-01108-8 -
Indian Journal of Ophthalmology 1989An unusual case of cyclic pupillary movements in an otherwise complete oculomotor nerve palsy in a five year-old girl is reported. This is considered to be due to...
An unusual case of cyclic pupillary movements in an otherwise complete oculomotor nerve palsy in a five year-old girl is reported. This is considered to be due to destruction of somatic and visceral nuclei of the oculomotor nerve following injury to its fascicular part. Pupillary automatism has been explained on the basis of the presence of aberrant autonomic cells in the ciliary ganglion which are discharging in a regular rhythm independent of higher control.
Topics: Child, Preschool; Cranial Nerve Diseases; Eye Movements; Female; Humans; Iris Diseases; Oculomotor Nerve
PubMed: 2807500
DOI: No ID Found -
Brain Research May 1981This study demonstrates the presence of retractor bulbi motoneurons within the oculomotor nucleus which activate muscle units within all 4 slips of the cat retractor...
This study demonstrates the presence of retractor bulbi motoneurons within the oculomotor nucleus which activate muscle units within all 4 slips of the cat retractor bulbi muscle. These muscle units are mechanically different and physiologically separate from retractor bulbi muscle units innervated by the abducens nerve. The refractor bulbi muscle, then, is innervated by two separate pools of motoneurons whose axons are carried in two different cranial nerves. These observations of mechanical properties of retractor bulbi muscle suggest that the oculomotor retractor bulbi motor units may be activated during patterned eye movements.
Topics: Abducens Nerve; Animals; Cats; Electric Stimulation; Motor Neurons; Muscle Contraction; Oculomotor Muscles; Oculomotor Nerve
PubMed: 7237131
DOI: 10.1016/0006-8993(81)90968-9 -
Archives Italiennes de Biologie Jan 1978The main aim of the present study was to localize with electrophysiological techniques the central projections and terminations of the aberrant trigeminal fibres...
The main aim of the present study was to localize with electrophysiological techniques the central projections and terminations of the aberrant trigeminal fibres contained in the oculomotor nerve of the lamb. After severing a trigeminal root, single-shock electrical stimulation of the trigeminal axons present in the central stump of the ipsilateral oculomotor nerve evoked field potentials in the area of, i) the subnucleus gelatinosus of the nucleus caudalis trigemini at the level of C1-C2; ii) the main sensory trigeminal nucleus; iii) the descending trigeminal nucleus and tract; iv) the adjacent reticular formation. Units whose discharge rate was influenced by such a stimulation were also found in the same territories. These regions actually exhibited degenerations after cutting an oculomotor nerve. We conclude, therefore, that the trigeminal fibres which leave the Vth nerve at the level of the cavernous sinus and enter the brain stem through the IIIrd nerve, end in the same structures which receive the terminations of the afferent fibres entering the brain stem through the sensory trigeminal root.
Topics: Afferent Pathways; Animals; Electric Stimulation; Electrophysiology; Evoked Potentials; Oculomotor Nerve; Sheep; Trigeminal Nerve
PubMed: 655755
DOI: No ID Found