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Journal of Andrology 2001Both the odds ratio and the relative risk compare the relative likelihood of an event occurring between two groups. The relative risk is easier to interpret and is... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study Review
Both the odds ratio and the relative risk compare the relative likelihood of an event occurring between two groups. The relative risk is easier to interpret and is consistent with general intuition. Some designs, however, allow only for the calculation of the odds ration. Covariate adjustment is easier for an odds ratio. Finally, the odds ratio avoids ambiguity by being invariant to lthe labeling of the outcome measure. The Table summarizes the advantages and disadvantages of the odds ratio and relative risk. Whe reading research that summarizes data using odds ratios, or relative risks, be aware of the limitations of booth of these measures.
Topics: Odds Ratio; Risk; Urology
PubMed: 11451349
DOI: No ID Found -
Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety Aug 2004The proportional reporting ratio (PRR) is the proportion of spontaneous reports for a given drug that are linked to a specific adverse outcome, divided by the... (Review)
Review
PURPOSE
The proportional reporting ratio (PRR) is the proportion of spontaneous reports for a given drug that are linked to a specific adverse outcome, divided by the corresponding proportion for all or several other drugs. The PRR is similar to the proportional mortality ratio (PMR), an old epidemiologic measure calculated from death registries and constructed in similar fashion to the PRR. The PMR has important deficiencies, however, which the PRR shares. Miettinen and Wang demonstrated that the PMR could be improved by reformulating it as an odds ratio and applying the principles of a case-control study to the measure. In this paper, we review the problem with the PRR and show how the corresponding odds ratio represents an improvement over the PRR.
METHODS
The method used is discussion and illustration by way of a hypothetical example.
RESULTS
The PRR does not estimate relative risk. If, however, a spontaneous report database is viewed as source data for a case-control study, the reporting odds ratio (ROR) can be used to estimate relative risk. Treating the data as source data for a case-control study allows for further reduction of bias by the judicious choice of controls.
CONCLUSIONS
Calculating the ROR in spontaneous report databases offers advantages over the PRR. It allows for estimation of the relative risk, and focuses attention on which people or reports should be included or excluded from the control series, permitting more deliberate elimination of biases. It also highlights the inherent weaknesses in spontaneous report data, which become more evident in light of the usual principles of control selection in case-control studies.
Topics: Adverse Drug Reaction Reporting Systems; Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions; Humans; Mortality; Odds Ratio; Pharmacoepidemiology; Registries
PubMed: 15317031
DOI: 10.1002/pds.1001 -
The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry Jul 2015Risk, and related measures of effect size (for categorical outcomes) such as relative risks and odds ratios, are frequently presented in research articles. Not all...
Risk, and related measures of effect size (for categorical outcomes) such as relative risks and odds ratios, are frequently presented in research articles. Not all readers know how these statistics are derived and interpreted, nor are all readers aware of their strengths and limitations. This article examines several measures, including absolute risk, attributable risk, attributable risk percent, population attributable risk percent, relative risk, odds, odds ratio, and others. The concept and method of calculation are explained for each of these in simple terms and with the help of examples. The interpretation of each is presented in plain English rather than in technical language. Clinically useful notes are provided, wherever necessary.
Topics: Biostatistics; Humans; Odds Ratio; Risk
PubMed: 26231012
DOI: 10.4088/JCP.15f10150 -
Southern Medical Journal Jul 2008Odds ratios (OR) are commonly reported in the medical literature as the measure of association between exposure and outcome. However, it is relative risk that people...
Odds ratios (OR) are commonly reported in the medical literature as the measure of association between exposure and outcome. However, it is relative risk that people more intuitively understand as a measure of association. Relative risk can be directly determined in a cohort study by calculating a risk ratio (RR). In case-control studies, and in cohort studies in which the outcome occurs in less than 10% of the unexposed population, the OR provides a reasonable approximation of the RR. However, when an outcome is common (iY 10% in the unexposed group), the OR will exaggerate the RR. One method readers can use to estimate the RR from an OR involves using a simple formula. Readers should also look to see that a confidence interval is provided with any report of an OR or RR. A greater understanding of ORs and RRs allows readers to draw more accurate interpretations of research findings.
Topics: Case-Control Studies; Cohort Studies; Humans; Odds Ratio; Risk
PubMed: 18580722
DOI: 10.1097/SMJ.0b013e31817a7ee4 -
Annals of Palliative Medicine Apr 2022
Meta-Analysis
Topics: Humans; Odds Ratio; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
PubMed: 35400151
DOI: 10.21037/apm-2022-01 -
Korean Journal of Radiology Aug 2022
Topics: Humans; Logistic Models; Odds Ratio; Proportional Hazards Models
PubMed: 35695319
DOI: 10.3348/kjr.2022.0249 -
Journal of Clinical Epidemiology May 2012
Topics: Epidemiology; Humans; Odds Ratio
PubMed: 22445083
DOI: 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2012.02.009 -
BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.) May 2000
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Journal of Oral Pathology & Medicine :... Jan 2021The ACE2 receptor, the binding sites for the COVID-19, is expressed abundantly in the oral cavity, raising the question of whether the mouth is a target for the virus in...
The ACE2 receptor, the binding sites for the COVID-19, is expressed abundantly in the oral cavity, raising the question of whether the mouth is a target for the virus in addition to organs such as kidneys and lungs. Recently, a flurry of individual case reports on oral manifestation of COVID-19 including ulceration, blistering lesions, and stomatitis were published. However, it is not clear whether the oral presentations that are not unique to the virus are indeed related to the virus and appear at a higher prevalence than in the general population. We used the i2b2 platform of hospital patient's registry to determine the odds ratio for COVID-19 in patients that were diagnosed with recurrent aphthous stomatitis, an entity restricted to the oral cavity. The overall odds ratio for COVID-19 in patients with recurrent aphthous stomatitis before adjustments was 14 and after adjustment for gender, race, and age was 13.9, 6.5, and 2.93, respectively. The odds ratio remained increased after adjustments of the comorbidities such as respiratory disease, endocrine disease, obesity, diabetes, circulatory disease, and smoking and was 3.66, 7.46, 4.6, 10.54, 7.37, and 7.52, respectively. When adjusted for recurrent aphthous stomatitis, the respiratory disease had an odd ratio of 8.56 to be associated with COVID-19. African American race and age-group 18-34 were additional significant risk factors. The present study has demonstrated a significant association between COVID-19 and RAS; however, additional longitudinal and laboratory studies are necessary to establish a cause and effect relationship between these 2 conditions.
Topics: COVID-19; Humans; Odds Ratio; Recurrence; SARS-CoV-2; Stomatitis, Aphthous
PubMed: 33064856
DOI: 10.1111/jop.13114 -
Statistics in Medicine Dec 2016Odds ratio, risk ratio, and prevalence ratio are some of the measures of association which are often reported in research studies quantifying the relationship between an...
Odds ratio, risk ratio, and prevalence ratio are some of the measures of association which are often reported in research studies quantifying the relationship between an independent variable and the outcome of interest. There has been much debate on the issue of which measure is appropriate to report depending on the study design. However, the literature on selecting a particular category of the outcome to be modeled and/or change in reference group for categorical independent variables and the effect on statistical significance, although known, is scantly discussed nor published with examples. In this article, we provide an example of a cross-sectional study wherein prevalence ratio was chosen over (Prevalence) odds ratio and demonstrate the analytic implications of the choice of category to be modeled and choice of reference level for independent variables. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Topics: Cross-Sectional Studies; Humans; Odds Ratio; Prevalence; Research Design; Risk
PubMed: 27460748
DOI: 10.1002/sim.7059