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Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology Mar 2022Maternal overnutrition during pregnancy predisposes the offspring to cardiometabolic diseases. (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
BACKGROUND
Maternal overnutrition during pregnancy predisposes the offspring to cardiometabolic diseases.
OBJECTIVES
This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to investigate the association between maternal overnutrition and offspring's blood pressure (BP) and the effect of offspring's obesity on this association.
DATA SOURCES
PubMed, EMBASE, Clinicaltrials.gov, CENTRAL.
STUDY SELECTION AND DATA EXTRACTION
Human studies published in English before October 2021 were identified that presented quantitative estimates of association between maternal overnutrition just before or during pregnancy and the offspring's BP.
SYNTHESIS
Random-effect model with the DerSimonian and Laird weighting method was used to analyse regression coefficients or mean differences.
RESULTS
After selection, 17 observational studies (140,517 mother-offspring pairs) were included. Prepregnancy body mass index (ppBMI) showed positive correlation with BP in offspring (regression coefficient for systolic: 0.38 mmHg per kg/m , 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.17, 0.58; diastolic: 0.10 mmHg per kg/m , 95% CI 0.05, 0.14). These indicate 1.9 mmHg increase in systolic and 0.5 mmHg increase in diastolic BP of offspring with every 5 kg/m gain in maternal ppBMI. Results on coefficients adjusted for offspring's BMI also showed association (systolic: 0.08 mmHg per kg/m , 95% CI 0.04, 0.11; diastolic: 0.03 mmHg per kg/m , 95% CI 0.01, 0.04). Independent from ppBMI, gestational weight gain (GWG) showed positive correlation with systolic BP (systolic BP: 0.05 mmHg per kg, 95% CI 0.01, 0.09), but not after adjustment for offspring's BMI. Mean systolic BP was higher in children of mothers with excessive GWG than in those of mothers with optimal GWG (difference: 0.65 mmHg, 95% CI 0.25, 1.05).
CONCLUSIONS
Independent from offspring's BMI, higher prepregnancy BMI may increase the risk for hypertension in offspring. The positive association between GWG and offspring's systolic BP is indirect via offspring's obesity. Reduction in maternal obesity and treatment of obesity in children of obese mothers are needed to prevent hypertension.
Topics: Blood Pressure; Body Mass Index; Child; Female; Gestational Weight Gain; Humans; Hypertension; Pediatric Obesity; Pregnancy
PubMed: 35041216
DOI: 10.1111/ppe.12859 -
Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology Sep 2022Substance use (SU) during pregnancy is on the rise, posing significant risks to the developing fetus. The adverse impact of maternal alcohol and nicotine use during the... (Review)
Review
Substance use (SU) during pregnancy is on the rise, posing significant risks to the developing fetus. The adverse impact of maternal alcohol and nicotine use during the perinatal period on offspring health has been well established, including their associations with adverse cardiovascular health in offspring. However, limited studies examine the impact of other well-known SU utilized during pregnancy on offspring's cardiovascular health. This review summarizes the proposed mechanism of action of four commonly utilized substances: cocaine, marijuana, methamphetamine, and opioids, and their cardiovascular impact. Furthermore, we will review the current understanding of the adverse impact of substance use during pregnancy on offspring's cardiovascular system based on existing studies. This review will also highlight possible molecular mechanisms underlying the in-utero adverse programming of offspring's cardiovascular system secondary to SU in pregnancy and address the gaps in current understanding of how SU adversely impacts the developing cardiovascular system of offspring in utero.
Topics: Female; Heart; Humans; Pregnancy; Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects; Substance-Related Disorders
PubMed: 35842136
DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2022.116164 -
Maternal & Child Nutrition Oct 2020This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to investigate the association between maternal overnutrition and offspring's insulin sensitivity-following the Preferred... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to investigate the association between maternal overnutrition and offspring's insulin sensitivity-following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses statement. Studies published in English before April 22, 2019, were identified through searches of four medical databases. After selection, 15 studies aiming to explore the association between prepregnancy body mass index (ppBMI) or gestational weight gain (GWG) of non-diabetic mothers and their offspring's insulin sensitivity (fasting insulin or glucose level and Homeostatic Measurement Assessment for Insulin Resistance [HOMA-IR]) were included in the meta-analysis. Associations of ppBMI and GWG with offspring's insulin sensitivity were analysed by pooling regression coefficients or standardized differences in means with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Maternal ppBMI showed significant positive correlations with the level of both fasting insulin and HOMA-IR in offspring (standardized regression coefficient for fasting insulin: 0.107, CI [0.053, 0.160], p < 0.001 and that for HOMA-IR: 0.063, CI [0.006, 0.121], p = 0.031). However, the result of the analysis on coefficients adjusted for offspring's actual anthropometry (BMI and adiposity) was not significant. Independent from ppBMI, GWG tended to show a positive correlation with insulin level, but not after adjustment for offspring's anthropometry. Offspring of mothers with excessive GWG showed significantly higher HOMA-IR than those of mothers with optimal GWG (p = 0.004). Our results demonstrate that both higher ppBMI and GWG increase the risk of offspring's insulin resistance, but the effect of ppBMI on insulin sensitivity in offspring may develop as consequence of their adiposity.
Topics: Body Mass Index; Female; Gestational Weight Gain; Humans; Insulin Resistance; Mothers; Obesity
PubMed: 32567808
DOI: 10.1111/mcn.13031 -
Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews Jun 2023Maternal infections during pregnancy, as cytomegalovirus and zika, have been consistently associated with severe newborn neurodevelopmental conditions, mainly related to... (Review)
Review
Maternal infections during pregnancy, as cytomegalovirus and zika, have been consistently associated with severe newborn neurodevelopmental conditions, mainly related to vertical transmission and congenital infection. However, little is known about the neurodevelopmental consequences of maternal respiratory viral infections, which are the most prevalent infections during pregnancy. The recent COVID-19 pandemic has increased the interest in understanding the consequences of infections in offspring's development. This systematic review explores whether maternal gestational viral respiratory infections are associated with neurodevelopmental deviations in children below 10 years-old. The search was conducted in Pubmed, PsychInfo and Web of Science databases. 13 articles were revised, including information about maternal infection (Influenza, SARS-CoV-2 and unspecified respiratory infections) and offspring's neurodevelopment (global development, specific functions, temperament and behavioral/emotional aspects). Controversial results were reported regarding maternal respiratory infections during pregnancy and infants' neurodevelopment. Maternal infections seem to be associated with subtle alterations in some offspring's developmental subdomains, as early motor development, and attentional, behavioral/emotional minor problems. Further studies are needed to determine the impact of other psychosocial confounding factors.
Topics: Pregnancy; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Child; Female; Humans; COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; Pandemics; Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical; Zika Virus; Zika Virus Infection
PubMed: 37059407
DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2023.105178 -
Frontiers in Pharmacology 2020Maternal obesity during pregnancy and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) are both associated with of several postnatal diseases in the offspring, including obesity,... (Review)
Review
Maternal obesity during pregnancy and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) are both associated with of several postnatal diseases in the offspring, including obesity, early onset hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and reproductive alterations. Metformin is an oral drug that is being evaluated to treat GDM, obesity-associated insulin resistance, and polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) during pregnancy. The beneficial effects of metformin on glycemia and pregnancy outcomes place it as a good alternative for its use during pregnancy. In this line of thought, improving the metabolic status of the pregnant mother by using metformin should avoid the consequences of insulin resistance on the offspring's fetal and postnatal development. However, some human and animal studies have shown that metformin during pregnancy could amplify these alterations and be associated with excessive postnatal weight gain and obesity. In this minireview, we discuss not only the clinical and experimental evidence that supports the benefits of using metformin during pregnancy but also the evidence showing a possible negative impact of this drug on the offspring's development.
PubMed: 32625081
DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.00653 -
Obesity Reviews : An Official Journal... Jun 2022It is unclear whether maternal working time has an impact on offspring's weight-related outcomes especially obesity; the objective of this study is to conduct the first... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
It is unclear whether maternal working time has an impact on offspring's weight-related outcomes especially obesity; the objective of this study is to conduct the first meta-analysis to focus on this topic. We searched PubMed, Ovid, and Web of Science databases through August 2021. A random-effect model was used to assess the pooled odds ratios (ORs) and regression coefficients (β) with their corresponding 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs). Subgroup analyses were conducted to explore sources of heterogeneity. Publication bias was evaluated by the Egger's tests. Twenty-two observational studies were included with a total of 191,420 participants. Compared with children whose mothers worked less than 35 h/week, we found that children whose mothers worked more than 35 to 40 h/week had a 2.24-fold increased risk of childhood overweight/obesity (OR = 2.24, 95% CI: 1.61-3.11). An increment of 10 h/week in maternal working was associated with an approximately 1.0 percentage points in the probability of childhood overweight/obesity (β = 0.008, 95% CI: 0.004-0.012). The pooled OR also indicated a similar result (OR = 1.09, 95% CI: 1.04-1.15). In addition, an increment of 10 h/week in maternal working was associated with 0.029 units increase in offspring's BMI z score (β = 0.029, 95% CI: 0.016-0.042). Maternal long working hours is a potential risk factor for offspring's weight-related outcomes. Measures should be taken to protect the work welfare of females, thus facilitating the positive interaction of individual-family-society.
Topics: Body Mass Index; Child; Female; Humans; Mothers; Overweight; Pediatric Obesity; Risk Factors; Time
PubMed: 35293115
DOI: 10.1111/obr.13439 -
Clinical Practice and Epidemiology in... 2020Parental incarceration can produce serious effects on the offspring's mental health. The presence of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) in prisoners' offspring is... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Parental incarceration can produce serious effects on the offspring's mental health. The presence of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) in prisoners' offspring is understudied and the few literature data showed heterogeneous evidence, with some studies suggesting that about 25% of prisoners' offspring have PTSD and other reporting much lower prevalence rates around 2-3%. There is no systematic review and meta-analysis about PTSD in prisoners' offspring.
OBJECTIVES
The present systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to provide a first quantitative synthesis of the prevalence of the PTSD diagnosis in prisoners' offspring. Moderator variables of the effect sizes were assessed, including offspring's and parents' gender, offspring's generational cohort (children/adolescents versus adults), reasons for parental incarceration (political/war versus crime), and country type (Western versus Non-Western countries).
METHODS
A systematic review and a meta-analysis were conducted according to the PRISMA guidelines. Studies were included if they assessed the presence of a PTSD diagnosis in child, adolescent or adult offspring of prisoners through a diagnostic classification system, a clinician-administered interview or a self-report questionnaire, if they reported data necessary to calculate the effect sizes or the authors were available to provide them. Studies might have been based upon any design except review, single-case, case series, and case reports. Outcomes might have been measured at any time after parental incarceration. Parental imprisonment was defined as any kind of custodial confinement of a parent by the criminal justice system, including being held as a prisoner of war or for political reasons.Independent reviewers searched published/unpublished studies through electronic databases and additional sources and extracted the data. A random-effect meta-analysis was carried out by calculating the effect sizes as event rates. Heterogeneity was examined by the and the statistics. Moderators were assessed through meta-regressions.
RESULTS
Six studies (2512 participants) were included. Fifteen percent of prisoners' offspring had PTSD, as shown by a significant mean effect size of 0.14 without evidence of publication bias (: 0.081 - 0.249, < 0.001). There were no significant differences on the mean effect sizes between the studies on adults and those on children/adolescents [ = 0.00, = .999], between the studies on parents incarcerated for political/war reasons and those for crime [ = 0.00, = .979], and between the studies conducted in Western and non-Western countries [ = 0.854, = .355]. While offspring's gender was not related to the effect sizes [ = -0.01, : -0.02 - 0.02, = .452], parents' gender was significantly and positively associated with the effect sizes suggesting that in studies with higher percentages of incarcerated mothers, the prevalence of offspring's PTSD was higher [ = 0.01, : 0.0 - 0.01, = .019].
CONCLUSION
PTSD is a serious mental health condition among prisoners' offspring, particularly when mothers are incarcerated. The present findings point out the importance of thorough assessment and timely intervention/prevention strategies implemented by professionals of mental health settings and detention systems. The cross-sectional design of the studies does not allow causal conclusions to be drawn about the effect of parental incarceration as a risk factor for PTSD. Other variables related to parental incarceration may explain these findings. This limitation points out the importance of further longitudinal research.
PubMed: 32508968
DOI: 10.2174/1745017902016010036 -
Metabolites Jul 2023Obesity incidence has been increasing at an alarming rate, especially in women of reproductive age. It is estimated that 50% of pregnancies occur in overweight or obese... (Review)
Review
Obesity incidence has been increasing at an alarming rate, especially in women of reproductive age. It is estimated that 50% of pregnancies occur in overweight or obese women. It has been described that maternal obesity (MO) predisposes the offspring to an increased risk of developing many chronic diseases in an early stage of life, including obesity, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular disease (CVD). CVD is the main cause of death worldwide among men and women, and it is manifested in a sex-divergent way. Maternal nutrition and MO during gestation could prompt CVD development in the offspring through adaptations of the offspring's cardiovascular system in the womb, including cardiac epigenetic and persistent metabolic programming of signaling pathways and modulation of mitochondrial metabolic function. Currently, despite diet supplementation, effective therapeutical solutions to prevent the deleterious cardiac offspring function programming by an obesogenic womb are lacking. In this review, we discuss the mechanisms by which an obesogenic intrauterine environment could program the offspring's cardiovascular metabolism in a sex-divergent way, with a special focus on cardiac mitochondrial function, and debate possible strategies to implement during MO pregnancy that could ameliorate, revert, or even prevent deleterious effects of MO on the offspring's cardiovascular system. The impact of maternal physical exercise during an obesogenic pregnancy, nutritional interventions, and supplementation on offspring's cardiac metabolism are discussed, highlighting changes that may be favorable to MO offspring's cardiovascular health, which might result in the attenuation or even prevention of the development of CVD in MO offspring. The objectives of this manuscript are to comprehensively examine the various aspects of MO during pregnancy and explore the underlying mechanisms that contribute to an increased CVD risk in the offspring. We review the current literature on MO and its impact on the offspring's cardiometabolic health. Furthermore, we discuss the potential long-term consequences for the offspring. Understanding the multifaceted effects of MO on the offspring's health is crucial for healthcare providers, researchers, and policymakers to develop effective strategies for prevention and intervention to improve care.
PubMed: 37512552
DOI: 10.3390/metabo13070845 -
Fertility and Sterility Jun 2019Parental excess weight and especially pregestational maternal obesity and excessive weight gain during pregnancy have been related to an increased risk of metabolic... (Review)
Review
Parental excess weight and especially pregestational maternal obesity and excessive weight gain during pregnancy have been related to an increased risk of metabolic (obesity, type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, metabolic syndrome) and nonmetabolic (cancer, osteoporosis, asthma, neurologic alterations) diseases in the offspring, probably mediated by epigenetic mechanisms of fetal programming. Maternal underweight is less common in developed societies, but the discrepancy between a poor nutritional environment in utero and a normal or excessive postnatal food supply with rapid growth catch-up appears to be the main candidate mechanism of the development of chronic diseases during the offspring's adulthood. The role of the postnatal environment in both scenarios (parental overweight or underweight) also seems to influence the offspring's health. Lifestyle interventions before and during pregnancy in both parents, but especially in the mother, as well as in children after birth, are advisable to counteract the many undesirable chronic conditions described.
Topics: Adolescent; Adolescent Behavior; Adolescent Development; Age Factors; Child; Child Behavior; Child Development; Child Health; Child of Impaired Parents; Child, Preschool; Disease Susceptibility; Female; Gestational Weight Gain; Health Status; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Male; Maternal Health; Overweight; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Outcome; Risk Assessment; Risk Factors; Thinness
PubMed: 31036339
DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2019.02.128 -
Children (Basel, Switzerland) Oct 2022The aim of the present review was to explore the effect of parental misperceptions of their offspring's weight status during childhood and early adolescence on weight... (Review)
Review
The aim of the present review was to explore the effect of parental misperceptions of their offspring's weight status during childhood and early adolescence on weight control strategies and children's eating behavior. Literature searching was limited to the PubMed database and to the English language from January 2000 to August 2022. Eligible studies had clearly associated parental misperception of offspring's weight with child eating habits or weight management and eating strategies in childhood to early adolescence. Sixteen studies (14 cross-sectional, 1 longitudinal and 1 with cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses) were included in the analysis. Weight loss attempts and child's eating behavior were the main outcomes. Sixteen studies found significant associations. Parental misperceptions of their offspring's weight status do influence their child's weight and eating behavior, especially in overweight children. Parents tend to follow potentially harmful methods when they overestimate their children's weight (food restriction) and when they underestimate their children's weight (pressure to eat). However, additional longitudinal studies are needed to better understand the impact of parental weight status perception on health behaviors and children's weight gain over time. The potential need for preventive intervention studies is warranted.
PubMed: 36291501
DOI: 10.3390/children9101565