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Cells Sep 2020The adult vertebrate central nervous system (CNS) mainly consists of neurons, astrocytes, microglia cells and oligodendrocytes [...].
The adult vertebrate central nervous system (CNS) mainly consists of neurons, astrocytes, microglia cells and oligodendrocytes [...].
Topics: Animals; Cell Differentiation; Humans; Mice; Oligodendroglia
PubMed: 32932835
DOI: 10.3390/cells9092078 -
Nature Reviews. Neuroscience Aug 2023Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have recently emerged as versatile elements of cell communication in the nervous system, mediating tissue homeostasis. EVs influence the... (Review)
Review
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have recently emerged as versatile elements of cell communication in the nervous system, mediating tissue homeostasis. EVs influence the physiology of their target cells via horizontal transfer of molecular cargo between cells and by triggering signalling pathways. In this Review, we discuss recent work revealing that EVs mediate interactions between oligodendrocytes and neurons, which are relevant for maintaining the structural integrity of axons. In response to neuronal activity, myelinating oligodendrocytes release EVs, which are internalized by neurons and provide axons with key factors that improve axonal transport, stress resistance and energy homeostasis. Glia-to-neuron transfer of EVs is thus a crucial facet of axonal preservation. When glial support is impaired, axonal integrity is progressively lost, as observed in myelin-related disorders, other neurodegenerative diseases and with normal ageing. We highlight the mechanisms that oligodendroglial EVs use to sustain axonal integrity and function.
Topics: Axons; Oligodendroglia; Myelin Sheath; Neuroglia; Extracellular Vesicles
PubMed: 37258632
DOI: 10.1038/s41583-023-00711-y -
Current Opinion in Neurobiology Dec 2017The established function of oligodendrocytes and their progenitors is to drive the cellular events of myelination, a highly diversified process necessary to match the... (Review)
Review
The established function of oligodendrocytes and their progenitors is to drive the cellular events of myelination, a highly diversified process necessary to match the needs of various neuronal subtypes and networks. The morphological and molecular heterogeneity of oligodendrocytes and their progenitors point to functions beyond establishing saltatory nerve conduction. Here, we review the diversity in the oligodendroglial lineage as well as the classical and new functions identified for oligodendrocytes and their progenitors. Because oligodendroglia remain highly responsive to environmental changes, they likely contribute to various neurological and psychiatric diseases.
Topics: Animals; Brain; Cell Lineage; Humans; Neural Stem Cells; Oligodendroglia
PubMed: 29078110
DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2017.09.015 -
The Neuroscientist : a Review Journal... Feb 2020Oligodendrocytes generate myelin sheaths to promote rapid neurotransmission in the central nervous system (CNS). During brain development, oligodendrocyte precursor... (Review)
Review
Oligodendrocytes generate myelin sheaths to promote rapid neurotransmission in the central nervous system (CNS). During brain development, oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) are generated in the medial ganglionic eminence, lateral ganglionic eminence, and dorsal pallium. OPCs proliferate and migrate throughout the CNS at the embryonic stage. After birth, OPCs differentiate into mature oligodendrocytes, which then insulate axons. Oligodendrocyte development is regulated by the extrinsic environment including neurons, astrocytes, and immune cells. During brain development, B lymphocytes are present in the meningeal space, and are involved in oligodendrocyte development by promoting OPC proliferation. T lymphocytes mediate oligodendrocyte development during the remyelination process. Moreover, a subset of microglia contributes to oligodendrocyte development during the neonatal periods. Therefore, the immune system, especially lymphocytes and microglia, contribute to oligodendrocyte development during brain development and remyelination.
Topics: Animals; Axons; Cell Differentiation; Humans; Lymphocytes; Myelin Sheath; Neurons; Oligodendroglia
PubMed: 30845892
DOI: 10.1177/1073858419834221 -
Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in... Jun 2024Myelination has evolved as a mechanism to ensure fast and efficient propagation of nerve impulses along axons. Within the central nervous system (CNS), myelination is... (Review)
Review
Myelination has evolved as a mechanism to ensure fast and efficient propagation of nerve impulses along axons. Within the central nervous system (CNS), myelination is carried out by highly specialized glial cells, oligodendrocytes. The formation of myelin is a prolonged aspect of CNS development that occurs well into adulthood in humans, continuing throughout life in response to injury or as a component of neuroplasticity. The timing of myelination is tightly tied to the generation of oligodendrocytes through the differentiation of their committed progenitors, oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs), which reside throughout the developing and adult CNS. In this article, we summarize our current understanding of some of the signals and pathways that regulate the differentiation of OPCs, and thus the myelination of CNS axons.
Topics: Cell Differentiation; Oligodendroglia; Humans; Animals; Myelin Sheath; Signal Transduction; Central Nervous System; Axons
PubMed: 38503504
DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a041358 -
Nature Oct 1981
Topics: Animals; Cell Differentiation; Humans; Multiple Sclerosis; Myelin Sheath; Neuroglia; Oligodendroglia
PubMed: 7312026
DOI: 10.1038/293430a0 -
Advances in Experimental Medicine and... 2019Given recent progress in our understanding of oligodendrocyte biology, significant attention has been directed toward cell therapy for myelin repair and remyelination.... (Review)
Review
Given recent progress in our understanding of oligodendrocyte biology, significant attention has been directed toward cell therapy for myelin repair and remyelination. This trend has been reinforced by findings about the importance of white matter lesions in a variety of central nervous system (CNS) diseases, including demyelinating diseases as well as brain or spinal cord trauma and degenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease. Remyelination strategies include the implementation of myelin forming cells and the surrounding conditions and pathological disease context. Successful remyelination requires proper number of cells at the required location and subsequent maturation. Those processes involve variety of molecules, related to oligodendrocyte development or inflammation in the lesion. Understanding and manipulation of the functions of those molecules may improve the outcome of the cell therapies toward remyelination. Furthermore, the development of monitoring method for myelination is also anticipated to evaluate the effects of therapeutic interventions.
Topics: Demyelinating Diseases; Humans; Myelin Sheath; Oligodendroglia; Remyelination; Spinal Cord Injuries
PubMed: 31760650
DOI: 10.1007/978-981-32-9636-7_17 -
Annals of the New York Academy of... Apr 2023The epigenetic landscape of oligodendrocyte lineage cells refers to the cell-specific modifications of DNA, chromatin, and RNA that define a unique gene expression... (Review)
Review
The epigenetic landscape of oligodendrocyte lineage cells refers to the cell-specific modifications of DNA, chromatin, and RNA that define a unique gene expression pattern of functionally specialized cells. Here, we focus on the epigenetic changes occurring as progenitors differentiate into myelin-forming cells and respond to the local environment. First, modifications of DNA, RNA, nucleosomal histones, key principles of chromatin organization, topologically associating domains, and local remodeling will be reviewed. Then, the relationship between epigenetic modulators and RNA processing will be explored. Finally, the reciprocal relationship between the epigenome as a determinant of the mechanical properties of cell nuclei and the target of mechanotransduction will be discussed. The overall goal is to provide an interpretative key on how epigenetic changes may account for the heterogeneity of the transcriptional profiles identified in this lineage.
Topics: Cell Differentiation; Cell Lineage; Chromatin; Epigenesis, Genetic; Mechanotransduction, Cellular; RNA; Oligodendroglia; Humans; Animals
PubMed: 36740586
DOI: 10.1111/nyas.14959 -
Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in... May 2015The inability of the mammalian central nervous system (CNS) to undergo spontaneous regeneration has long been regarded as a central tenet of neurobiology. However,... (Review)
Review
The inability of the mammalian central nervous system (CNS) to undergo spontaneous regeneration has long been regarded as a central tenet of neurobiology. However, although this is largely true of the neuronal elements of the adult mammalian CNS, save for discrete populations of granular neurons, the same is not true of its glial elements. In particular, the loss of oligodendrocytes, which results in demyelination, triggers a spontaneous and often highly efficient regenerative response, remyelination, in which new oligodendrocytes are generated and myelin sheaths are restored to denuded axons. Yet, remyelination in humans is not without limitation, and a variety of demyelinating conditions are associated with sustained and disabling myelin loss. In this review, we will review the biology of remyelination, including the cells and signals involved; describe when remyelination occurs and when and why it fails and the consequences of its failure; and discuss approaches for therapeutically enhancing remyelination in demyelinating diseases of both children and adults, both by stimulating endogenous oligodendrocyte progenitor cells and by transplanting these cells into demyelinated brain.
Topics: Animals; Cell Differentiation; Humans; Mice; Myelin Sheath; Nerve Regeneration; Neurodegenerative Diseases; Neuroglia; Oligodendroglia; Pluripotent Stem Cells; Signal Transduction; Stem Cell Transplantation
PubMed: 25986556
DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a020594 -
The Journal of Neuroscience : the... Sep 1986A new marker for young oligodendrocytes has been identified by a monoclonal antibody (mOg-1, IgM isotype) prepared from cerebellar plasma membrane stimulated mouse...
A new marker for young oligodendrocytes has been identified by a monoclonal antibody (mOg-1, IgM isotype) prepared from cerebellar plasma membrane stimulated mouse lymphocytes. mOg-1 reactive cells in the mouse cerebellum first appear at day 19 of gestation. Future white matter layers of fixed sections of neonatal rat cerebellum were labeled with mOg-1. Although EM analysis has shown cell-surface binding by presumptive oligodendroglia in neonatal cerebellum, the antibody does not bind to compact myelin. In cell cultures prepared from 6-d-old mice, 1.1% of the cells bound mOg-1 after 3 d in culture, but up to 5% of the cells bound mOg-1 after 2 weeks in culture. Of these same Og-1-positive cells, 69% bound anti-galactocerebroside and 65% bound anti-myelin basic protein. After a week in culture Og-1-positive cells often produced lamellar sheets extending a millimeter over the polylysine substratum in the absence of normal myelin formation. mOg-1 recognizes a cell-surface determinant distinct from well-characterized oligodendroglial molecules (galactocerebroside, sulfatide and myelin basic protein) that is expressed early in oligodendrocyte development. The antibody has been used to follow the maturation of oligodendrocytes in cultures of both normal and jimpy mouse cerebellum.
Topics: Animals; Antibodies, Monoclonal; Antibody Specificity; Autoradiography; Cell Survival; Cells, Cultured; Cerebellum; Mice; Mice, Inbred BALB C; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Mice, Jimpy; Neuroglia; Oligodendroglia; Staining and Labeling
PubMed: 2427670
DOI: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.06-09-02635.1986