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Brain Research Jul 2004Using a carbocyanine dye in postnatal rats, we have shown that the rostral part of the nucleus of Darkschewitsch (ND), consisting of a subnucleus of the so-called "area... (Review)
Review
Using a carbocyanine dye in postnatal rats, we have shown that the rostral part of the nucleus of Darkschewitsch (ND), consisting of a subnucleus of the so-called "area parafascicularlis prerubralis " and excluded from the rat's ND proper, projects ipsilaterally to the rostral part of the medial accessory olive. The present study suggests the existence of a precise topographic organization from subnuclei of the area parafascicularlis prerublaris to subnuclei of the inferior olive.
Topics: Animals; Animals, Newborn; Brain Mapping; Carbocyanines; Coloring Agents; Neural Pathways; Olivary Nucleus; Phylogeny; Rats; Species Specificity; Staining and Labeling; Tegmentum Mesencephali
PubMed: 15223386
DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2004.04.042 -
Hearing Research Sep 2000While studies of neuronal development and plasticity have focused on excitatory pathways, the inhibitory projection from the MNTB to the LSO provides a favorable model... (Review)
Review
While studies of neuronal development and plasticity have focused on excitatory pathways, the inhibitory projection from the MNTB to the LSO provides a favorable model for studies of synaptic inhibition. This review covers recent studies from our laboratories indicating that inhibitory connections are quite dynamic during development. These findings suggest that there are two phases inhibitory transmission. During an initial depolarizing phase is growth and branching of pre- and postsynaptic elements in the LSO. During a second hyperpolarizing phase there is refinement of inhibitory afferent arborizations and the LSO dendrites that they innervate.
Topics: Animals; Calcium; Gerbillinae; Glutamic Acid; Glycine; Membrane Potentials; Neural Pathways; Neuronal Plasticity; Olivary Nucleus; Rats; Synaptic Transmission
PubMed: 10962172
DOI: 10.1016/s0378-5955(00)00119-2 -
Contributions To Sensory Physiology 1970
Review
Topics: Anatomy, Comparative; Animals; Cochlear Nerve; Functional Laterality; Hearing; Mammals; Nerve Endings; Neural Pathways; Noise; Olivary Nucleus; Pons; Rats; Vestibulocochlear Nerve
PubMed: 4914061
DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-151804-2.50010-3 -
BMJ Case Reports Jul 2017
Topics: Adult; Brain Diseases; Humans; Hypertrophy; Incidental Findings; Male; Olivary Nucleus
PubMed: 28754749
DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2017-220212 -
Tremor and Other Hyperkinetic Movements... 2017Although essential tremor (ET) is the most common tremor disorder, its pathogenesis is not fully understood. The traditional model of ET, proposed in the early 1970s,... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Although essential tremor (ET) is the most common tremor disorder, its pathogenesis is not fully understood. The traditional model of ET, proposed in the early 1970s, posited that the inferior olivary nucleus (ION) was the prime generator of tremor in ET and that ET is a disorder of electrophysiological derangement, much like epilepsy. This article comprehensively reviews the origin and basis of this model, its merits and problems, and discusses whether it is time to lay this model to rest.
METHODS
A PubMed search was performed in March 2017 to identify articles for this review.
RESULTS
The olivary model gains support from the recognition of neurons with pacemaker property in the ION and the harmaline-induced tremor models (as the ION is the prime target of harmaline). However, the olivary model is problematic, as neurons with pacemaker property are not specific to the ION and the harmaline model does not completely represent the human disease ET. In addition, a large number of neuroimaging studies in ET have not detected structural or functional changes in the ION; rather, abnormalities have been reported in structures related to the cerebello-thalamo-cortical network. Moreover, a post-mortem study of microscopic changes in the ION did not detect any differences between ET cases and controls.
DISCUSSION
The olivary model largely remains a physiological construct. Numerous observations have cast considerable doubt as to the validity of this model in ET. Given the limitations of the model, we conclude that it is time now to lay this model to rest.
Topics: Animals; Essential Tremor; Humans; Models, Neurological; Olivary Nucleus
PubMed: 28966877
DOI: 10.7916/D8FF40RX -
Microscopy Research and Technique Nov 2000The distinctive morphology of the human superior olivary complex reflects its primate origins, but functional evidence suggests that it plays a role in auditory spatial... (Review)
Review
The distinctive morphology of the human superior olivary complex reflects its primate origins, but functional evidence suggests that it plays a role in auditory spatial mapping which is similar to olivary function in other mammalian species. It seems likely that the well-developed human medial olivary nucleus is the basis for extraction of interaural time and phase differences. The much smaller human lateral olivary nucleus probably functions in analysis of interaural differences in frequency and intensity, but the absence of a human nucleus of the trapezoid body implies some difference in the mechanisms of this function. A window on human olivary function is provided by the evoked auditory brainstem response (ABR), including its binaural interaction component (BIC). Anatomical, electrophysiological, and histopathological studies suggest that ABR waves IV and V are generated by axonal pathways at the level of the superior olivary complex. Periolivary cell groups are prominent in the human olivary complex. The cell groups located medial, lateral, and dorsal are similar to periolivary nuclei of other mammals, but the periolivary nucleus at the rostral pole of the human olivary complex is very large by mammalian standards. Within the periolivary system, immunostaining for neurotransmitter-related substances allows us to identify populations of medial and lateral olivocochlear neurons. The human olivocochlear system is unique among mammals in the relatively small size of its lateral efferent component. Some consideration is given to the idea that the integration provided by periolivary cell groups, particularly modulation of the periphery by the olivocochlear system, is an extension of the spatial mapping function of the main olivary nuclei.
Topics: Animals; Auditory Pathways; Brain Mapping; Cochlea; Evoked Potentials, Auditory; Humans; Olivary Nucleus; Pons
PubMed: 11071722
DOI: 10.1002/1097-0029(20001115)51:4<403::AID-JEMT8>3.0.CO;2-Q -
The Journal of Comparative Neurology Sep 1991The efferent neural projections from posteroventral cochlear nucleus to the superior olivary complex in guinea pig were examined with the Phaseolus...
The efferent neural projections from posteroventral cochlear nucleus to the superior olivary complex in guinea pig were examined with the Phaseolus vulgaris-leucoagglutinin anterograde tract-tracing method. Light microscopic analysis demonstrated that the posteroventral cochlear nucleus of guinea pig bilaterally projects to the superior para-olivary nucleus and the rostral, medioventral, and lateroventral peri-olivary regions. Ipsilaterally, the posteroventral cochlear nucleus projects to the lateral superior olive, the caudal peri-olivary region, and areas immediately surrounding the capsule of the lateral superior olive. Contralaterally, the posteroventral cochlear nucleus projects to the medial nucleus of the trapezoid body. All of these projection axons travel in the trapezoid body and their terminals make, primarily, en passant endings upon their targets. Exclusively within the contralateral medial nucleus of the trapezoid body, some neurons terminate also in calyceal endings. The assumption that immunolabeled structures observed with light microscopy made actual synaptic contact in their respective target areas was confirmed with electron microscopy. With postembedding immunocytochemical procedures applied to thin sections, the electron microscope revealed labeled synaptic vesicles and pre- and postsynaptic membrane specializations. The projection pattern from posteroventral cochlear nucleus was found to be topographically organized in three distinct regions. The more dorsally located neurons of the posteroventral cochlear nucleus terminated dorsomedially in the ipsilateral lateral superior olive, ventromedially in the contralateral superior para-olivary nucleus, and medially in the contralateral medioventral peri-olivary region. The more ventrally located neurons of the posteroventral cochlear nucleus terminated dorsolaterally in the ipsilateral lateral superior olive, dorsolaterally in the contralateral superior para-olivary nucleus, and laterally in the contralateral medioventral peri-olivary region.
Topics: Animals; Brain Stem; Efferent Pathways; Guinea Pigs; Microscopy, Electron; Nerve Endings; Nerve Fibers; Olivary Nucleus; Phytohemagglutinins
PubMed: 1757599
DOI: 10.1002/cne.903110405 -
Progress in Brain Research 1997This chapter gives an overview of the relation between the inferior olive and the cerebellar nuclei based on tracing and electrophysiological experiments in rats and... (Review)
Review
This chapter gives an overview of the relation between the inferior olive and the cerebellar nuclei based on tracing and electrophysiological experiments in rats and cats. The olivary and cerebellar nuclear masses appear to maintain a precise topographical relationship. The olivary projection to the cerebellar nuclei is strictly contralateral, originates as climbing fiber collaterals, and is excitatory. The cerebellar projection to the inferior olive is exactly reciprocal to the olivonuclear projection, but, in addition, also has a variable but definite ipsilateral component, and has been demonstrated to be GABAergic. Stimulation and lesion experiments carried out in cat imply that the cerebellar nucleo-olivary pathway may be involved in regulating the oscillatory capabilities of olivary cells and as such may also have an effect on the synchrony of olivary firing. Subsequent stimulation experiments performed in rats suggests that synchronous firing of olivary neurons may result in profound effects in cerebellar nuclear neurons.
Topics: Animals; Axonal Transport; Brain Mapping; Cats; Cerebellar Nuclei; Medulla Oblongata; Neurons; Olivary Nucleus; Rats
PubMed: 9193144
DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6123(08)63364-6 -
The Journal of Comparative Neurology May 1986The projections from the cochlear nucleus to the lateral and medial superior olivary nuclei were studied in the cat by use of retrograde transport of horseradish...
The projections from the cochlear nucleus to the lateral and medial superior olivary nuclei were studied in the cat by use of retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase to demonstrate the connections. The medial superior olivary nucleus receives input only from the anterior and posterodorsal subdivisions of the anterior division of the anteroventral cochlear nucleus (AA and APD, respectively; Brawer, Morest, and Kane: J. Comp. Neurol. 155: 251-300, 1974). These two subdivisions are populated almost exclusively by spherical bushy cells. Like the medial superior olivary nucleus, the lateral superior olivary nucleus receives inputs from AA and APD. In addition, the lateral superior olivary nucleus receives projections from the posterior subdivision (AP) of the anterior division and also from the posterior division of the anteroventral cochlear nucleus. The projections to the medial superior olivary nucleus are bilateral, whereas the projections to the lateral superior olivary nucleus are almost entirely ipsilateral. One implication of the results is that the medial superior olivary nucleus receives inputs from only one cell type--the spherical bushy cell--but that, at the least, two cell types project to the lateral superior olivary nucleus. Both the olivary nuclei receive input from most, if not all, of the dorsoventral extent of the anteroventral cochlear nucleus, implying that both receive input from neurons arrayed across the entire frequency representation of the anteroventral cochlear nucleus. All of the projections appear to be organized topographically such that frequency representation is preserved.
Topics: Animals; Auditory Pathways; Brain Mapping; Cats; Cochlear Nerve; Olivary Nucleus; Pitch Perception; Pons
PubMed: 3722446
DOI: 10.1002/cne.902470406 -
Microscopy Research and Technique Nov 2000The superior olivary complex conveys information about binaural time and intensity to higher centers in the auditory pathway. This information is sent primarily to the... (Review)
Review
The superior olivary complex conveys information about binaural time and intensity to higher centers in the auditory pathway. This information is sent primarily to the subdivisions of the inferior colliculus and to the nuclei of the lateral lemniscus. Olivary projections are the predominant afferents to the central nucleus of the inferior colliculus. Electron microscopic observations of axonal endings in the central nucleus suggest that the ipsilateral medial superior olive and contralateral lateral superior olive make excitatory synapses. In contrast, the axons from the ipsilateral lateral superior olive to the central nucleus contain glycine and have a morphology consistent with inhibitory synapses. Little is known about the transmitter types used by olivary projections to the nuclei of the lateral lemniscus, but they are presumed to be similar to the collicular projections. Olivary ascending efferents are tonotopically organized and terminate in laminae in the inferior colliculus. They combine with other laminar afferents and postsynaptic neurons to create fibro-dendritic laminae in the colliculus. The key to the functional organization of the olivary efferents is the possible segregation of excitatory olivary efferents from each other in "synaptic domains" located on the laminae. This segregation may be the major determinant of response properties in the colliculus. Olivary efferents may converge with other non-olivary afferents on the same postsynaptic neurons in the colliculus. Inhibitory efferents from the lateral superior olive are essential in shaping the response properties of neurons in the colliculus. Olivary efferents to the nuclei of the lateral lemniscus are also key components of ascending pathways that inhibit neurons in the midbrain.
Topics: Animals; Auditory Pathways; Cats; Inferior Colliculi; Neurons, Efferent; Olivary Nucleus; Pons
PubMed: 11071719
DOI: 10.1002/1097-0029(20001115)51:4<355::AID-JEMT5>3.0.CO;2-J