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Molekuliarnaia Biologiia 2019Numerous studies on the nature of neoplastic growth have demonstrated that oncogenic viruses maybe one of the factors causing cancer. According to various estimates,... (Review)
Review
Numerous studies on the nature of neoplastic growth have demonstrated that oncogenic viruses maybe one of the factors causing cancer. According to various estimates, 10-20% of all human cancers are caused by viruses. For example, the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), hepatitis B and C viruses, human papillomavirus (HPV), human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1), human herpesvirus type 8 (HHV-8), and Merkel cell polyomavirus were implicated in initiating tumors. At the same time, the long period between viral infection and the manifestation of cancer significantly complicates the search for a causal relationship between the presence of a virus in the human organism and the malignant transformation. For this reason, the role of certain viruses in the initiation of neoplastic processes in humans remains an unresolved issue.
Topics: Cell Transformation, Neoplastic; Humans; Neoplasms; Oncogenic Viruses; Virus Diseases
PubMed: 31661485
DOI: 10.1134/S0026898419050033 -
Proceedings of the National Academy of... Apr 1976Short-term cultures of bovine leukemic lymphocytes release virus particles with biochemical properties of RNA oncogenic viruses. These particles, tentatively called... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
Short-term cultures of bovine leukemic lymphocytes release virus particles with biochemical properties of RNA oncogenic viruses. These particles, tentatively called bovine leukemia virus (BLV), have a high molecular weight RNA-reverse transcriptase complex and a density of 1.155 g/ml in sucrose solutions. Molecular hybridizations between BLV/[3H]cDNA and several viral RNAs show that BLV is not related to Mason-Pfizer monkey virus, simian sarcoma associated virus, feline leukemia virus, or avian myeloblastosis virus. These results were confirmed by hybridization between BLV 70S RNA and [3H]cDNA synthesized in the various viruses tested. The high preference of BLV reverse transciptase for Mg++ as the divalent cation suggests that BLV might be an atypical mammalian leukemogenic "type C" virus. DNA-DNA hybridization studies using BLV [3H]cDNA as a probe strongly suggest that the DNA of bovine leukemic cells contains viral sequences that cannot be detected in normal bovine DNA.
Topics: Animals; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Centrifugation, Isopycnic; Leukemia Virus, Bovine; Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin; Nucleic Acid Hybridization; RNA Viruses; RNA, Viral; RNA-Directed DNA Polymerase; Retroviridae
PubMed: 57616
DOI: 10.1073/pnas.73.4.1014 -
Virology Journal Jun 2013Transforming viruses can change a normal cell into a cancer cell during their normal life cycle. Persistent infections with these viruses have been recognized to cause... (Review)
Review
Transforming viruses can change a normal cell into a cancer cell during their normal life cycle. Persistent infections with these viruses have been recognized to cause some types of cancer. These viruses have been implicated in the modulation of various biological processes, such as proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis. The study of infections caused by oncogenic viruses had helped in our understanding of several mechanisms that regulate cell growth, as well as the molecular alterations leading to cancer. Therefore, transforming viruses provide models of study that have enabled the advances in cancer research. Viruses with transforming abilities, include different members of the Human Papillomavirus (HPV) family, Hepatitis C virus (HCV), Human T-cell Leukemia virus (HTLV-1), Epstein Barr virus (EBV) and Kaposi's Sarcoma Herpesvirus (KSHV).Apoptosis, or programmed cell death, is a tightly regulated process that plays an important role in development and homeostasis. Additionally, it functions as an antiviral defense mechanism. The deregulation of apoptosis has been implicated in the etiology of diverse diseases, including cancer. Oncogenic viruses employ different mechanisms to inhibit the apoptotic process, allowing the propagation of infected and damaged cells. During this process, some viral proteins are able to evade the immune system, while others can directly interact with the caspases involved in apoptotic signaling. In some instances, viral proteins can also promote apoptosis, which may be necessary for an accurate regulation of the initial stages of infection.
Topics: Apoptosis; Gene Expression Regulation; Host-Pathogen Interactions; Humans; Oncogenic Viruses
PubMed: 23741982
DOI: 10.1186/1743-422X-10-182 -
International Journal of Molecular... Nov 2022In the multi-factorial etiology of organ-site cancers by suspect human chemical carcinogens, oncogenic virus, activation of RAS, Myc and HER-2 oncogenes, inactivation of...
In the multi-factorial etiology of organ-site cancers by suspect human chemical carcinogens, oncogenic virus, activation of RAS, Myc and HER-2 oncogenes, inactivation of TP53, RB and APC tumor suppressor genes represent early-occurring genetic events [...].
Topics: Humans; Antineoplastic Agents; Oncogenes; Oncogenic Viruses; Carcinogens; Neoplasms
PubMed: 36430932
DOI: 10.3390/ijms232214457 -
Communications Biology Jun 2021An outbreak of the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, the causative agent of Coronavirus Disease-2019 (COVID-19), a respiratory disease, has infected almost one hundred...
An outbreak of the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, the causative agent of Coronavirus Disease-2019 (COVID-19), a respiratory disease, has infected almost one hundred million people since the end of 2019, killed over two million, and caused worldwide social and economic disruption. Because the mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 infection of host cells and its pathogenesis remain largely unclear, there are currently no antiviral drugs with proven efficacy. Besides severe respiratory and systematic symptoms, several comorbidities increase risk of fatal disease outcome. Therefore, it is required to investigate the impacts of COVID-19 on pre-existing diseases of patients, such as cancer and other infectious diseases. In the current study, we report that SARS-CoV-2 encoded proteins and some currently used anti-COVID-19 drugs are able to induce lytic reactivation of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV), one of major human oncogenic viruses, through manipulation of intracellular signaling pathways. Our data indicate that those KSHV + patients especially in endemic areas exposure to COVID-19 or undergoing the treatment may have increased risks to develop virus-associated cancers, even after they have fully recovered from COVID-19.
Topics: Antiviral Agents; Azithromycin; Benzamidines; COVID-19; Cell Line; Guanidines; Herpesviridae Infections; Herpesvirus 8, Human; Humans; Oncogenic Viruses; SARS-CoV-2; Sarcoma, Kaposi; Viral Proteins; Virus Activation; COVID-19 Drug Treatment
PubMed: 34083759
DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-02220-z -
Annual Review of Biochemistry 1972
Review
Topics: Alpharetrovirus; Cell Transformation, Neoplastic; Gammaretrovirus; Genes; Genetics; Neoplasms; Oncogenic Viruses; Phenotype; Polyomavirus; Simian virus 40; Transcription, Genetic; Transformation, Genetic; Virus Replication
PubMed: 4348058
DOI: 10.1146/annurev.bi.41.070172.002443 -
Journal of Medical Virology Jan 2023Dynamic alteration of the epitranscriptome exerts regulatory effects on the lifecycle of oncogenic viruses in vitro. However, little is known about these effects in vivo...
Dynamic alteration of the epitranscriptome exerts regulatory effects on the lifecycle of oncogenic viruses in vitro. However, little is known about these effects in vivo because of the general lack of suitable animal infection models of these viruses. Using a model of rapid-onset Marek's disease lymphoma in chickens, we investigated changes in viral and host messenger RNA (mRNA) N6-methyladenosine (m A) modification during Marek's disease virus (MDV) infection in vivo. We found that the expression of major epitranscriptomic proteins varies among viral infection phases, reprogramming both the viral and the host epitranscriptomes. Specifically, the methyltransferase-like 3 (METTL3)/14 complex was suppressed during the lytic and reactivation phases of the MDV lifecycle, whereas its expression was increased during the latent phase and in MDV-induced tumors. METTL3/14 overexpression inhibits, whereas METTL3/14 knockdown enhances, MDV gene expression and replication. These findings reveal the dynamic features of the mRNA m A modification program during viral replication in vivo, especially in relation to key pathways involved in tumorigenesis.
Topics: Animals; Marek Disease; Oncogenic Viruses; Chickens; RNA, Messenger
PubMed: 36401345
DOI: 10.1002/jmv.28324 -
Advances in Experimental Medicine and... 2017Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV), also known as Human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8), is a member of the lymphotropic gammaherpesvirus subfamily and a human... (Review)
Review
Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV), also known as Human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8), is a member of the lymphotropic gammaherpesvirus subfamily and a human oncogenic virus. Since its discovery in AIDS-associated KS tissues by Drs. Yuan Chang and Patrick Moore, much progress has been made in the past two decades. There are four types of KS including classic KS, endemic KS, immunosuppressive therapy-related KS, and AIDS-associated KS. In addition to KS, KSHV is also involved in the development of primary effusion lymphoma (PEL) and certain types of multicentric Castleman's disease. KSHV manipulates numerous viral proteins to promote the progression of angiogenesis and tumorigenesis. In this chapter, we review the epidemiology and molecular biology of KSHV and the mechanisms underlying KSHV-induced diseases.
Topics: Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome; Castleman Disease; Herpesvirus 8, Human; Humans; Oncogenic Viruses; Sarcoma, Kaposi
PubMed: 29052134
DOI: 10.1007/978-981-10-5765-6_7 -
Current Topics in Microbiology and... 1967
Review
Topics: Antigens; Neoplasms, Experimental; Oncogenic Viruses
PubMed: 4862183
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-46062-3_4 -
Journal of Medical Virology Aug 2021Viral infection has been implicated in the pathogenesis of a plethora of human diseases. Although antiviral therapies effectively confront the viral spread and...
Viral infection has been implicated in the pathogenesis of a plethora of human diseases. Although antiviral therapies effectively confront the viral spread and infection, how to completely eradicate the viral genome from infected cells remains a challenge. In this study, we demonstrated the reversible switching of primary cells between normal and malignant states by an oncogenic virus Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) and CRISPR/Cas9-mediated targeting of a major viral latent protein. Primary cells can be transformed into malignant status by infection of KSHV, while elimination of the KSHV genome from latent KSHV-infected cells reverses KSHV-transformed primary cells back to a "normal state" by CRISPR/Cas-mediated knockout of viral major latent gene LANA. As a proof of concept, we demonstrated efficient elimination of KSHV episome in KSHV-associated primary effusion lymphoma cells resulting in the induction of apoptosis by liposome-encapsulated CRISPR/Cas9 ribonucleoprotein complexes (Lipo/Cas9-LANAsgRNA). Our work illustrates CRISPR/Cas as a promising technology for eliminating oncogenic viruses from persistently infected cells by taking advantage of the genetic differences between viral and cellular genomes. Compared to traditional antiviral therapy, our study offer an approach for antagonizing human oncogenic virus-related cancers by directly targeting as well as clearing viral genomes.
Topics: Animals; Antigens, Viral; Apoptosis; CRISPR-Associated Protein 9; CRISPR-Cas Systems; Cell Cycle; Cell Proliferation; Cell Transformation, Neoplastic; Gene Knockout Techniques; Genome, Viral; Herpesvirus 8, Human; Humans; Lymphoma, Primary Effusion; Mesenchymal Stem Cells; Nuclear Proteins; Oncogenic Viruses; RNA, Guide, CRISPR-Cas Systems; Rats; Virus Latency
PubMed: 33942339
DOI: 10.1002/jmv.27046