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MMW, Munchener Medizinische... Mar 1977
Topics: Antigens, Viral; DNA, Viral; Female; Humans; Oncogenic Viruses; RNA, Viral; Simplexvirus
PubMed: 191744
DOI: No ID Found -
Avian Diseases Sep 2014Chickens may be infected with three different oncogenic viruses: avian leukosis virus (ALV), reticuloendotheliosis virus (REV), and Marek's disease herpesvirus (MDV).... (Review)
Review
Chickens may be infected with three different oncogenic viruses: avian leukosis virus (ALV), reticuloendotheliosis virus (REV), and Marek's disease herpesvirus (MDV). Several epidemiological studies have suggested a link between these viruses and different types of cancer in people working in poultry processing plants and with multiple sclerosis. In this article, we analyze the epidemiological evidence that these viruses are causative agents for human cancer, followed by description of the relevant key characteristics of ALV, REV, and MDV. Finally, we discuss the biological evidence or lack thereof that avian tumor viruses are involved in the etiology of human cancer and multiple sclerosis (MS). The recent primary epidemiologic articles that we reviewed as examples were only hypothesis-generating studies examining massive numbers of risk factors for associations with various imprecise, non-viral-specific outcomes. The studies lacked precise evidence of exposure to the relevant viruses and the statistical methods failed to adjust for the large risks of false-positive claims. ALV subgroups A-D and J have been eradicated in the United States from the pure lines down to the parent stocks by the breeder companies, which have greatly reduced the incidence of infection in layer flocks and broilers. As a consequence, potential exposure of humans to these viruses has greatly diminished. Infection of humans working in processing plants with ALV-A and ALV-B is unlikely, because broilers are generally resistant to infection with these two subgroups. Moreover, these viruses enter cells by specific receptors present on chicken, but not on mammalian, cells. Infection of mammalian cell cultures or animals with ALV-A, ALV-B, and ALV-J has not been reported. Moreover, humans vaccinated with exogenous or endogenous ALV-contaminated vaccines against yellow fever, measles, and mumps did not become antibody- or virus-positive for ALV. The risks for human infection with REV are similarly limited. First of all, REV also has been eradicated from pure lines down to parent stock by breeder companies in the United States. Broilers can still become infected with REV through infection with fowl pox virus containing REV. However, there is no indication that REV can infect human cells. Low levels of antibodies to ALV and REV in human sera have been reported by a few groups. Absorption of sera with chicken antigens reduced the antibody titers, and there was no clear association with contacts with poultry. Possible cross-reactions with human endogenous or exogenous retroviruses were not considered in these publications. MDV is typically associated with infection of chickens, and almost all experimental data show that MDV cannot infect mammalian cells or animals, including nonhuman primates. One study reports the presence of MDV gD DNA in human sera, but this finding could not be confirmed by another group. A Medline search of the term "gene expression in human cancers" was negative for publications with avian retroviruses or MDV. In conclusion, there is no indication that avian oncogenic viruses are involved in human cancer or MS or even able to infect and replicate in humans.
Topics: Animals; Chickens; Humans; Neoplasms; Oncogenic Viruses; Poultry Diseases; Tumor Virus Infections
PubMed: 25518427
DOI: 10.1637/10847-041514-Review.1 -
Archiv Fur Geschwulstforschung 1977Oncongenic DNA and RNA Viruses are integrated into the cell genome of vertebrates. Physical, chemical and biological agents, among them the halogenated pyrimidines... (Review)
Review
Oncongenic DNA and RNA Viruses are integrated into the cell genome of vertebrates. Physical, chemical and biological agents, among them the halogenated pyrimidines ododeoxyuridine (IdU) and bromodeoxyuridine (BdU) cause the induction of these viruses in cells of many species. In this review the action of IdU and BdU in certain cell differentiation systems chondrogenesis, myogenesis and others) and on activation of oncogenic viruses, first of all of type C-RNA viruses, is described and some possible mechanisms of induction are discussed.
Topics: Animals; Bromodeoxyuridine; Cartilage; Cell Differentiation; Cell Transformation, Neoplastic; Genotype; Idoxuridine; Muscles; Oncogenic Viruses; RNA Viruses; Species Specificity
PubMed: 327967
DOI: No ID Found -
Revue Medicale de Liege 2012Among cancers diagnosed worldwide on a yearly basis, 20% are thought to be associated with a viral infection. The viruses involved are, by order of decreasing incidence,... (Review)
Review
Among cancers diagnosed worldwide on a yearly basis, 20% are thought to be associated with a viral infection. The viruses involved are, by order of decreasing incidence, the hepatitis viruses, the papillomaviruses and the Epstein-Barr virus. These virus-induced cancers generate a high level of interest not only for the study of mechanisms involved in the neoplastic transformation, but also for the set-up of specific immunotherapies including prophylactic and therapeutic antitumor vaccination.
Topics: Animals; Cell Transformation, Viral; Environment; Hepacivirus; Hepatitis B virus; Humans; Models, Biological; Neoplasms; Oncogenic Viruses; Papillomaviridae; Tumor Virus Infections
PubMed: 22891494
DOI: No ID Found -
Recent Results in Cancer Research.... 2014Hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), human papillomavirus (HPV), and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) contribute to about 10-15 % global burden of human cancers.... (Review)
Review
Hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), human papillomavirus (HPV), and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) contribute to about 10-15 % global burden of human cancers. Conventional chemotherapy or molecular target therapies have been used to treat virus-associated cancers. However, a more proactive approach would be the use of antiviral treatment to suppress or eliminate viral infections to prevent the occurrence of cancer in the first place. Antiviral treatments against chronic HBV and HCV infections have achieved this goal, with significant reduction in the incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma in treated patients. Antiviral treatments for EBV, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV), and human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) had limited success in treating refractory EBV-associated lymphoma and post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder, KSHV-associated Kaposi's sarcoma in AIDS patients, and HTLV-1-associated acute, chronic, and smoldering subtypes of adult T-cell lymphoma, respectively. Therapeutic HPV vaccine and RNA-interference-based therapies for treating HPV-associated cervical cancers also showed some encouraging results. Taken together, antiviral therapies have yielded promising results in cancer prevention and treatment. More large-scale studies are necessary to confirm the efficacy of antiviral therapy. Further investigation for more effective and convenient antiviral regimens warrants more attention.
Topics: Adult; Antiviral Agents; Humans; Neoplasms; Oncogenic Viruses; Tumor Virus Infections
PubMed: 24008303
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-38965-8_14 -
Cancer Research Nov 1986I have attempted to illustrate the many different properties of retroviruses and their presence in a wide variety of animal species including humans. Since the turn of... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study Review
I have attempted to illustrate the many different properties of retroviruses and their presence in a wide variety of animal species including humans. Since the turn of this century, progress in the field of retrovirology has been noteworthy and many new and important scientific observations have been made (Table 7). Along the way, certain dogmas were replaced with new tenets. The recent recognition of retroviruses associated with human cancer and immunodeficiency places them into consideration as potential agents responsible for other human diseases such as autoimmunity and multiple sclerosis. Not only can retroviruses be oncogenic or cytopathic agents but they can also exist highly conserved as endogenous genes in the chromosomal DNA of many different species and not cause disease. In fact, this latter group appears to be predominant, suggesting their role in normal developmental processes and as progenitors of the pathogenic types. The virus-like genomes recognized in Drosophila and other lower animal species could be examples of this fact and may represent important biological entities throughout nature. The genetic material of retroviruses resembles transposons and may reflect the ability of these viruses to be passed within the host and to affect the evolutionary pathway. They could, as transposable elements, be transmitted as well to many different animal species. By their ability to move within the genetic machinery of the cell, these viruses could influence development in animals through promotion, enhancement, or suppression of specific cellular genes. This idea has been proposed for the noninfectious type A particles that have been observed to show these effects in cultured cells. One important observation is that the effect of retroviruses on cells has a varied pattern which may be emphasized by one group (e.g., vacuolization by foamy virus) or shared by other groups (e.g.., syncytial cell formation by type C and type D oncovirinae, spumavirinae, and lentivirinae) (Table 6). Moreover, the heterogeneity of the lentiviruses and the transduction of normal cellular genes by many of the oncogenic viruses indicate the changes that can occur as retroviruses infect and replicate within the cell. The overview is very informative. Virus-cell interaction can lead to biological expressions that depend on the phenotype of the cell and the viral genetic structure. Throughout its existence in nature the retrovirus has been evolving, conserving certain features while developing new ones with different properties; it clearly emerges as a multifaceted agent.
Topics: Animals; Cell Differentiation; Cell Transformation, Viral; Humans; Immunologic Deficiency Syndromes; Oncogenic Viruses; Receptors, Virus; Retroviridae; Virus Replication
PubMed: 3530440
DOI: No ID Found -
British Journal of Cancer Feb 2005We investigated a series of 122 cases of small cell lung carcinomas and non-small cell lung carcinomas for the presence of several viruses that are known to be oncogenic...
We investigated a series of 122 cases of small cell lung carcinomas and non-small cell lung carcinomas for the presence of several viruses that are known to be oncogenic in humans. Thus, viral genomes (DNA) and/or RNA transcripts and/or proteins of human papillomaviruses (HPV) 16, 18, 31, 33, 51, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8), human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) and simian virus 40 (SV40) were investigated on tissue sections (prepared in tissue microarrays) with different techniques of immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridisation. None of the cases displayed a single positive tumour cell for all the viruses tested whatever the technique applied. Of note, in five cases of tumours with lymphoid infiltrates, we detected scattered EBV (EBER)-positive bystander lymphocytes. In three cases, a faint nuclear staining was found with the anti-latent nuclear antigen/LANA1 (HHV-8) antibody. These cases were checked by PCR with two sets of primers (orf 26 and orf 75) and remained negative for this latter virus. Taken together, our data strongly suggest that the conventional human oncogenic viruses (HPV, EBV, HCMV, HHV-8 and SV40) are unlikely to play some role in the development of lung carcinomas..
Topics: Adenocarcinoma; Antibodies, Viral; Carcinoid Tumor; Carcinoma, Large Cell; Carcinoma, Neuroendocrine; Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung; Carcinoma, Small Cell; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell; Cytomegalovirus; DNA, Viral; Genome, Viral; Herpesvirus 4, Human; Herpesvirus 8, Human; Humans; Immunohistochemistry; In Situ Hybridization; Lung Neoplasms; Oncogenic Viruses; Papillomaviridae; Polymerase Chain Reaction; RNA, Viral; Simian virus 40; Viral Proteins
PubMed: 15700034
DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6602409 -
Advances in Virus Research 1976
Review
Topics: Alpharetrovirus; Animal Feed; Animals; Arthropod Vectors; Blood; DNA Viruses; Ecology; Gammaretrovirus; Oncogenic Viruses; Papillomaviridae; Polyomavirus; Poxviridae; RNA Viruses; Reoviridae; Vertebrates; Virus Diseases
PubMed: 179307
DOI: 10.1016/s0065-3527(08)60504-7 -
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal... Oct 2017With the advent of massively parallel sequencing, oncogenic viruses in tumours can now be detected in an unbiased and comprehensive manner. Additionally, new viruses or... (Review)
Review
With the advent of massively parallel sequencing, oncogenic viruses in tumours can now be detected in an unbiased and comprehensive manner. Additionally, new viruses or strains can be discovered based on sequence similarity with known viruses. Using this approach, the causative agent for Merkel cell carcinoma was identified. Subsequent studies using data from large collections of tumours have confirmed models built during decades of hypothesis-driven and low-throughput research, and a more detailed and comprehensive description of virus-tumour associations have emerged. Notably, large cohorts and high sequencing depth, in combination with newly developed bioinformatical techniques, have made it possible to rule out several suggested virus-tumour associations with a high degree of confidence. In this review we discuss possibilities, limitations and insights gained from using massively parallel sequencing to characterize tumours with viral content, with emphasis on detection of viral sequences and genomic integration events.This article is part of the themed issue 'Human oncogenic viruses'.
Topics: DNA, Viral; Genomics; High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing; Humans; Neoplasms; Oncogenic Viruses; RNA, Viral; Sequence Analysis, DNA; Sequence Analysis, RNA; Tumor Virus Infections
PubMed: 28893932
DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2016.0265 -
Lancet (London, England) May 1973
Review
Topics: Animals; Antigens, Neoplasm; Biological Evolution; Cell Transformation, Neoplastic; DNA; Genes; Genetic Code; Humans; Hypersensitivity, Delayed; Immune Tolerance; Leukemia Virus, Murine; Leukemia, Experimental; Mice; Neoplasms; Oncogenic Viruses; RNA, Viral; T-Lymphocytes; Transcription, Genetic; Transformation, Genetic; Virulence
PubMed: 4123544
DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(73)91151-3