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Progress in Retinal and Eye Research May 2017Primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) is a genetically, physiologically, and phenotypically complex neurodegenerative disorder. This study addressed the expanding... (Review)
Review
Primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) is a genetically, physiologically, and phenotypically complex neurodegenerative disorder. This study addressed the expanding collection of genes associated with POAG, referred to as the "POAGome." We used bioinformatics tools to perform an extensive, systematic literature search and compiled 542 genes with confirmed associations with POAG and its related phenotypes (normal tension glaucoma, ocular hypertension, juvenile open-angle glaucoma, and primary congenital glaucoma). The genes were classified according to their associated ocular tissues and phenotypes, and functional annotation and pathway analyses were subsequently performed. Our study reveals that no single molecular pathway can encompass the pathophysiology of POAG. The analyses suggested that inflammation and senescence may play pivotal roles in both the development and perpetuation of the retinal ganglion cell degeneration seen in POAG. The TGF-β signaling pathway was repeatedly implicated in our analyses, suggesting that it may be an important contributor to the manifestation of POAG in the anterior and posterior segments of the globe. We propose a molecular model of POAG revolving around TGF-β signaling, which incorporates the roles of inflammation and senescence in this disease. Finally, we highlight emerging molecular therapies that show promise for treating POAG.
Topics: Computational Biology; Glaucoma, Open-Angle; Humans; Intraocular Pressure; Retinal Ganglion Cells
PubMed: 28223208
DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2017.02.001 -
Journal of Glaucoma Oct 2001
Review
Topics: Blindness; Glaucoma, Open-Angle; Humans; Japan; Prevalence
PubMed: 11890276
DOI: 10.1097/00061198-200110001-00003 -
Survey of Ophthalmology 2003Glaucoma is one of the leading causes of blindness worldwide. Primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) is the most prevalent form of glaucoma and has a particularly... (Review)
Review
Glaucoma is one of the leading causes of blindness worldwide. Primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) is the most prevalent form of glaucoma and has a particularly devastating impact in blacks. In the black American population, POAG prevalence is estimated to be six times as high in certain age groups compared to whites. POAG is more likely to result in irreversible blindness, appears approximately 10 years earlier and progresses more rapidly in blacks than in whites. Racial differences in optic disk parameters have been reported and show that blacks have larger optic disks than whites. This finding is robust and may account for the reported differences in other optic disk parameters. The existence of racial differences in intraocular pressure remains to be demonstrated, as conflicting findings are reported in the literature. Intraocular pressure may actually be underestimated in blacks, perhaps because they have thinner corneas. The prevalence of diabetes and hypertension is higher in blacks than in whites, and although no causal relationship has been established between POAG and each of these systemic diseases, some reports suggest that they often occur together, perhaps through an indirect relationship with intraocular pressure. Compounding the problem, there is evidence that blacks are less responsive to both drug and surgical treatment for POAG. Finally, they often have reduced accessibility to treatment and are less aware of the risks of having POAG. This article provides a comprehensive review of the current knowledge pertaining to POAG in blacks.
Topics: Black People; Developing Countries; Glaucoma, Open-Angle; Humans; Intraocular Pressure; Prevalence; Risk Factors; United States
PubMed: 12745004
DOI: 10.1016/s0039-6257(03)00028-6 -
Veterinary Ophthalmology Mar 2017To report the prevalence and clinical characteristics of an open-angle glaucoma in Petit Basset Griffon Vendeen (PBGV) dogs in the United Kingdom (UK).
OBJECTIVES
To report the prevalence and clinical characteristics of an open-angle glaucoma in Petit Basset Griffon Vendeen (PBGV) dogs in the United Kingdom (UK).
ANIMALS STUDIED AND METHODS
At breed society clinics extending over a 6-year period, 366 dogs of varying ages and both sexes were clinically examined for signs of glaucoma using slit-lamp biomicroscopy, indirect and direct ophthalmoscopy, tonometry, and gonioscopy.
RESULTS
The prevalence of glaucoma was 10.4% (38 dogs). Clinical signs of the disease presented from 3 years of age onwards, the commonest initial feature being the elevation of intraocular pressure (IOP) in 15 dogs (39.4%). In addition to elevated IOP, another 13 dogs (34.2%) presented with other features of glaucoma, some with lens subluxation and globe enlargement and all with possible or known vision defects. In the remaining 10 dogs (26.3%), phacodonesis or lens subluxation was observed before subsequent elevation of IOP.
CONCLUSIONS
High prevalence and similarity to the primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) seen in the Beagle and Elkhound breeds indicate that an open-angle glaucoma is present in the PBGV in the UK and that this disease may be genetically determined in this breed. Although increased IOP is the commonest early diagnostic feature, lens instability prior to an increase in IOP may be part of the clinical picture.
Topics: Animals; Dog Diseases; Dogs; Female; Glaucoma, Open-Angle; Male; Prevalence
PubMed: 26945802
DOI: 10.1111/vop.12369 -
The Practitioner Feb 1992
Review
Topics: Aged; Glaucoma, Open-Angle; Humans; Mass Screening; Middle Aged
PubMed: 1598336
DOI: No ID Found -
Acta Cardiologica Feb 2020Glaucoma is commonly defined as high intra ocular pressure (≥21 mmHg) with optic neuropathy characterised by progressive loss of retinal ganglion cells which is...
Glaucoma is commonly defined as high intra ocular pressure (≥21 mmHg) with optic neuropathy characterised by progressive loss of retinal ganglion cells which is associated with characteristic structural damage to the optic nerve and visual field loss. There are several studies investigating relation between primary open angle glaucoma (POAG) and both systemic hypertension and especially night hypotension. Our aim was to compare 24-h ambulatory blood pressure variability of patients with glaucoma followed-up in the eye outpatient clinic with that of patients free of glaucoma. A total of 75 patients were included in the study, 35 in the patient group and 40 in the control group. Both groups were compared for daytime, night-time, and whole day mean systolic and diastolic blood pressure (BP) readings in the ambulatory blood pressure testing. Mean daytime systolic BP of the glaucoma patients was 119.5 ± 11.6 mmHg, and 128.3 ± 15.5 mmHg for control group ( = 0.008). The night-time systolic blood pressure, whole day systolic BP, and mean diastolic BP were significantly lower in patients with glaucoma ( = 0.001, = 0.001, = 0.028, respectively). In multiple regression analysis, we identified daytime systolic BP, night-time systolic BP, and whole day systolic BP were independent risk factors for developing glaucoma. If the progression of the disease is noticeable in patients with glaucoma at follow-up, night-time hypotension should be ruled out with ambulatory blood pressure and if this is observed medical treatments used by the patients should be reviewed and necessary measures should be taken.
Topics: Aged; Blood Pressure; Blood Pressure Monitoring, Ambulatory; Case-Control Studies; Circadian Rhythm; Disease Progression; Female; Glaucoma, Open-Angle; Humans; Hypotension; Intraocular Pressure; Male; Middle Aged; Risk Factors; Time Factors
PubMed: 30650042
DOI: 10.1080/00015385.2018.1549004 -
Eye (London, England) Mar 2017PurposeTo report clinical features, topographic findings and outcome of 10 eyes with peripapillary schisis in open-angle glaucoma.Patients and methodsA retrospective... (Observational Study)
Observational Study
PurposeTo report clinical features, topographic findings and outcome of 10 eyes with peripapillary schisis in open-angle glaucoma.Patients and methodsA retrospective review of patients with open-angle glaucoma who were noted to have peripapillary schisis on optical coherence tomography (OCT) were included. Serial peripapillary and macula infrared and OCT images, visual acuity, visual fields, and schisis appearance were reviewed.ResultsTen eyes of nine patients with open-angle glaucoma were detected to have the presence of peripapillary schisis. Nerve fibre layer schisis was detected in all eyes and one eye had an associated macular schisis. None of the eyes had an acquired pit of the optic nerve or pathological myopia. The mean intraocular pressures at detection was 18.3±4.3 mm Hg and the schisis resolved in four eyes after a mean follow-up of 21.2±8.8 months. Visual field worsening was noted in 4 of the 10 eyes and the resolution of schisis resulted in significant reduction in the retinal nerve fibre layer (RNFL) thickness.ConclusionsPeripapillary schisis detected during the normal course of open-angle glaucoma can resolve spontaneously and rarely involves the macula. Its resolution leads to reduction in RNFL thickness; therefore, caution is advised while interpreting serial scans.
Topics: Aged; Female; Glaucoma, Open-Angle; Humans; Intraocular Pressure; Male; Middle Aged; Nerve Fibers; Optic Nerve; Retinoschisis; Retrospective Studies; Tomography, Optical Coherence; Visual Acuity; Visual Fields
PubMed: 27834967
DOI: 10.1038/eye.2016.235 -
Canadian Journal of Ophthalmology.... Aug 2023
Topics: Humans; Male; Glaucoma, Open-Angle; Intraocular Pressure; Dietary Supplements
PubMed: 36965509
DOI: 10.1016/j.jcjo.2023.02.011 -
Canadian Family Physician Medecin de... Sep 2005Chronic open-angle glaucoma (COAG) is a leading cause of irreversible blindness worldwide, including in Canada. It presents a challenge in diagnosis, as disease often... (Review)
Review
INTRODUCTION
Chronic open-angle glaucoma (COAG) is a leading cause of irreversible blindness worldwide, including in Canada. It presents a challenge in diagnosis, as disease often progresses without symptoms; an estimated 50% of cases are undetected.
SOURCES OF INFORMATION
MEDLINE searches, reference lists of articles, and expert knowledge from one of the authors (K.F.D.), a glaucoma specialist, were used.
MAIN MESSAGE
A casefinding approach using early referral to optometrists and ophthalmologists for early detection of COAG is helpful for patients with risk factors such as age above 50, a positive family history, black race, and myopia. Moderate evidence for referral also exists for the following risk factors: hypertension, type 2 diabetes mellitus, hypothyroidism, and sleep apnea. Treatment with intraocular pressure-lowering medication can arrest or slow the course of the disease, permitting patients to retain good visual function. Family physicians should be aware that some intraocular pressure-lowering medications, particularly topical beta-blockers, can pose iatrogenic harm to patients and result in or exacerbate such conditions as asthma, cardiovascular disturbances, depression, and sexual dysfunction.
CONCLUSION
Appropriate referral patterns and an understanding of common as well as serious side effects of glaucoma medications are important in optimizing management of patients at risk of developing, or who have, COAG.
Topics: Blindness; Chronic Disease; Glaucoma, Open-Angle; Humans; Mass Screening; Risk Factors
PubMed: 16190176
DOI: No ID Found -
FP Essentials Aug 2022Primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) is a progressive, chronic, irreversible ocular disease that leads to loss of visual field. In the United States, its prevalence is...
Primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) is a progressive, chronic, irreversible ocular disease that leads to loss of visual field. In the United States, its prevalence is expected to more than double from 2011 to 2050. POAG is three times more common among Black people than White people. More than half of patients with POAG are asymptomatic. Management focuses on decreasing intraocular pressure. Prostaglandin analogue eye drops can preserve visual field and are the first-line therapy. There currently is no evidence to support universal screening for POAG in adults. Physicians should recognize patients at high risk and provide early referral to an ophthalmologist. They also should encourage patients with POAG to adhere to treatment and follow up with their ophthalmologist. Cataract is a progressive condition caused by opacification of the lens of the eye. It affects 24.4 million Americans and is expected to affect 50 million Americans by 2050. Patients with cataracts present with visual impairment, glare, decreased color and contrast sensitivity, and poor adaptation to darkness. Management consists of surgical removal of the lens via small-incision phacoemulsification with placement of a foldable intraocular lens. After surgery, patients may develop posterior capsular opacification, which can be managed with laser capsulotomy.
Topics: Adult; Cataract; Glaucoma, Open-Angle; Humans; Intraocular Pressure; Phacoemulsification
PubMed: 35947132
DOI: No ID Found