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Archives of Ophthalmology (Chicago,... Oct 1971
Topics: Animals; Fundus Oculi; Ophthalmoscopes; Rabbits
PubMed: 5124777
DOI: 10.1001/archopht.1971.01000010422011 -
Clinical & Experimental Optometry May 2022
Topics: Fovea Centralis; Humans; Lasers; Ophthalmoscopes; Optics and Photonics
PubMed: 34323169
DOI: 10.1080/08164622.2021.1951099 -
Translational Vision Science &... Feb 2022The purpose of this study was to characterize the benign biological variance of fixational microsaccades in a control population using a tracking scanning laser...
PURPOSE
The purpose of this study was to characterize the benign biological variance of fixational microsaccades in a control population using a tracking scanning laser ophthalmoscope (TSLO), accounting for machine accuracy and precision, to determine ideal testing conditions to detect pathologic change in fixational eye motion (FEM).
METHODS
We quantified the accuracy and precision of the TSLO, analyzing measurements made by three operators on a model eye. Repeated, 10-second retinal motion traces were then recorded in 17 controls, 3 times a day (morning, afternoon, and evening), on 3 separate days. Microsaccade metrics (MMs) of frequency, average amplitude, peak velocity, and peak acceleration were extracted. Trace to trace, interday, and intraday variability were calculated across all subjects.
RESULTS
Intra-operator and machine variation contributed minimally to total variation, with only 0.007% and 0.14% contribution for frequency and amplitude respectively. Bias was detected, with lower accuracy for higher amplitudes. Participants had an average (SD) microsaccade frequency of 0.84 Hz (0.52 Hz), amplitude of 0.32 degrees (0.11 degrees), peak velocity of 43.68 degrees/s (14.02 degrees/s), and peak acceleration of 13,920.04 degrees/s2 (4,186.84 degrees/s2). The first trace recorded within a session significantly differed from the second two in both microsaccade acceleration and velocity (P < 0.05), and frequency was 0.098 Hz higher in the evenings (P < 0.05). There was no MM difference between days and no evidence of a session-level learning effect (P > 0.05).
CONCLUSIONS
The TSLO is both accurate and precise. However, biological inter- and intra-individual variance is present. Trace to trace variability and time of day should be accounted for to optimize detection of pathologic change.
Topics: Fixation, Ocular; Humans; Lasers; Motion; Ophthalmoscopes; Retina
PubMed: 35201339
DOI: 10.1167/tvst.11.2.35 -
Optometry and Vision Science : Official... Nov 2021Optometric educators are constantly looking for learning and teaching approaches to improve clinical skills training. In addition, the COVID-19 pandemic has made... (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial
SIGNIFICANCE
Optometric educators are constantly looking for learning and teaching approaches to improve clinical skills training. In addition, the COVID-19 pandemic has made educators scrutinize the time allocated to face-to-face teaching and practice. Simulation learning is an option, but its use must first be evaluated against traditional learning methods.
PURPOSE
The purpose of this study was to compare the training of binocular indirect ophthalmoscopy skills achieved by students and optometrists through deliberate practice on the Eyesi Indirect Ophthalmoscope simulator with deliberate practice using a peer.
METHODS
Students and optometrists were randomly allocated to practice on either the simulator or a peer. Binocular indirect ophthalmoscopy performance was assessed using a peer and the simulator as the patients at different time points. Knowledge and confidence were examined before and following all practice sessions using a quiz and survey.
RESULTS
Significant improvements in binocular indirect ophthalmoscopy performance using either a peer or the simulator as the patient for assessment were seen after 8 hours of student practice (P < .001) and after a half-hour practice time for optometrists (P < .001). There was no significant difference in performance overall between those practicing on a simulator and those practicing on a peer (P > .05). Confidence in ability to perform the technique was lower for students who had practiced on the simulator.
CONCLUSIONS
The simulator has similar efficacy to peer practice for teaching binocular indirect ophthalmoscopy to students and maintenance of this clinical skill for optometrists. Simulation does not replace the need for peer practice but may be a useful adjunct reducing the face-to-face hours required. These findings present a need for further research regarding diverse applications of the Eyesi Indirect Ophthalmoscope simulator in the curriculum for training optometry students and as a continuing professional development offering for optometrists, given the short exposure duration required to observe a significant improvement in skill.
Topics: COVID-19; Clinical Competence; Humans; Ophthalmoscopes; Pandemics; Pilot Projects; SARS-CoV-2
PubMed: 34510154
DOI: 10.1097/OPX.0000000000001799 -
Optometry and Vision Science : Official... May 2012To develop and test the application of an adaptive optics scanning laser ophthalmoscope (AOSLO) with eye tracking for high-resolution microperimetric testing. (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
PURPOSE
To develop and test the application of an adaptive optics scanning laser ophthalmoscope (AOSLO) with eye tracking for high-resolution microperimetric testing.
METHODS
An AOSLO was used to conduct simultaneous high-resolution retinal imaging and visual function testing in six normal subjects. Visual sensitivity was measured at test locations between the fovea and 5.0° eccentricity via an increment threshold approach using a 40-trial, yes-no adaptive Bayesian staircase procedure (QUEST). A high-speed eye tracking algorithm enabled real-time video stabilization and the delivery of diffraction-limited Goldmann I-sized stimuli (diameter = 6.5 arc min = ∼32 μm; λ = 680 nm) to targeted retinal loci for 200 ms. Test locations were selected either manually by the examiner or automatically using Fourier-based image registration. Cone spacing was assessed at each test location and sensitivity was plotted against retinal eccentricity. Finally, a 4.2 arc min stimulus was used to probe the angioscotoma associated with a blood vessel located at 2.5° eccentricity.
RESULTS
Visual sensitivity decreases with eccentricity at a rate of -1.32 dB/deg (R = 0.60). The vertical and horizontal errors of the targeted stimulus delivery algorithm averaged 0.81 and 0.89 arc min (∼4 μm), respectively. Based on a predetermined exclusion criterion, the stimulus was successfully delivered to its targeted location in 90.1% of all trials. Automated recovery of test locations afforded the repeat testing of the same set of cones over a period of 3 months. Thresholds measured over a parafoveal blood vessel were 1.96 times higher (p < 0.05; one-tailed t-test) than those measured in directly adjacent retina.
CONCLUSIONS
AOSLO-based microperimetry has the potential to test visual sensitivity with fine retinotopic precision. Automated recovery of previously tested locations allows these measures to be tracked longitudinally. This approach can be implemented by researchers interested in establishing the functional correlates of photoreceptor mosaic structure in patients with retinal disease.
Topics: Adult; Equipment Design; Female; Humans; Male; Ophthalmoscopes; Optics and Photonics; Reference Values; Reproducibility of Results; Retina; Retinal Diseases; Visual Field Tests
PubMed: 22446720
DOI: 10.1097/OPX.0b013e3182512b98 -
Clinical & Experimental Optometry Jul 2022
Topics: Fovea Centralis; Humans; Ophthalmoscopes; Optics and Photonics
PubMed: 34427542
DOI: 10.1080/08164622.2021.1968759 -
Archives of Ophthalmology (Chicago,... Nov 1997The discovery of the ophthalmoscope in 1851 is rightly attributed to Hermann von Helmholtz. However, 4 years earlier, in 1847, Charles Babbage nearly invented the...
The discovery of the ophthalmoscope in 1851 is rightly attributed to Hermann von Helmholtz. However, 4 years earlier, in 1847, Charles Babbage nearly invented the instrument that was to revolutionize ophthalmological examination so dramatically.
Topics: England; History, 18th Century; History, 19th Century; History, 20th Century; Ophthalmology; Ophthalmoscopes
PubMed: 9366679
DOI: 10.1001/archopht.1997.01100160626017 -
Optics Express Jun 2009We have developed a compact retinal imager that integrates adaptive optics (AO) into a line scanning ophthalmoscope (LSO). The bench-top AO-LSO instrument significantly...
We have developed a compact retinal imager that integrates adaptive optics (AO) into a line scanning ophthalmoscope (LSO). The bench-top AO-LSO instrument significantly reduces the size, complexity, and cost of research AO scanning laser ophthalmoscopes (AOSLOs), for the purpose of moving adaptive optics imaging more rapidly into routine clinical use. The AO-LSO produces high resolution retinal images with only one moving part and a significantly reduced instrument footprint and number of optical components. The AO-LSO has a moderate field of view (5.5 deg), which allows montages of the macula or other targets to be obtained more quickly and efficiently. In a preliminary human subjects investigation, photoreceptors could be resolved and counted within approximately 0.5 mm of the fovea. Photoreceptor counts matched closely to previously reported histology. The capillaries surrounding the foveal avascular zone could be resolved, as well as cells flowing within them. Individual nerve fiber bundles could be resolved, especially near the optic nerve head, as well as other structures such as the lamina cribrosa. In addition to instrument design, fabrication, and testing, software algorithms were developed for automated image registration and cone counting.
Topics: Computer-Aided Design; Equipment Design; Equipment Failure Analysis; Lenses; Microscopy, Confocal; Miniaturization; Ophthalmoscopes; Pilot Projects; Reproducibility of Results; Sensitivity and Specificity
PubMed: 19506678
DOI: 10.1364/oe.17.010242 -
Optics Letters Nov 2015A parallel line scanning ophthalmoscope (PLSO) is presented using a digital micromirror device (DMD) for parallel confocal line imaging of the retina. The posterior part...
A parallel line scanning ophthalmoscope (PLSO) is presented using a digital micromirror device (DMD) for parallel confocal line imaging of the retina. The posterior part of the eye is illuminated using up to seven parallel lines, which were projected at 100 Hz. The DMD offers a high degree of parallelism in illuminating the retina compared to traditional scanning laser ophthalmoscope systems utilizing scanning mirrors. The system operated at the shot-noise limit with a signal-to-noise ratio of 28 for an optical power measured at the cornea of 100 μW. To demonstrate the imaging capabilities of the system, the macula and the optic nerve head of a healthy volunteer were imaged. Confocal images show good contrast and lateral resolution with a 10°×10° field of view.
Topics: Humans; Ophthalmoscopes; Retina; Signal-To-Noise Ratio
PubMed: 26565868
DOI: 10.1364/OL.40.005335 -
Archives of Ophthalmology (Chicago,... Apr 1982A new binocular indirect ophthalmoscope provides, apart from a much reduced weight as compared with most available instruments, a higher light output and improved optics.
A new binocular indirect ophthalmoscope provides, apart from a much reduced weight as compared with most available instruments, a higher light output and improved optics.
Topics: Humans; Ophthalmoscopes
PubMed: 7073581
DOI: 10.1001/archopht.1982.01030030626019