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Pathobiology : Journal of... 2021Oral microbiota are among the most diverse in the human body. More than 700 species have been identified in the mouth, and new sequencing methods are allowing us to... (Review)
Review
Oral microbiota are among the most diverse in the human body. More than 700 species have been identified in the mouth, and new sequencing methods are allowing us to discover even more species. The anatomy of the oral cavity is different from that of other body sites. The oral cavity has mucosal surfaces (the tongue, the buccal mucosa, the gingiva, and the palate), hard tissues (the teeth), and exocrine gland tissue (major and minor salivary glands), all of which present unique features for microbiota composition. The connection between oral microbiota and diseases of the human body has been under intensive research in the past years. Furthermore, oral microbiota have been associated with cancer development. Patients suffering from periodontitis, a common advanced gingival disease caused by bacterial dysbiosis, have a 2-5 times higher risk of acquiring any cancer compared to healthy individuals. Some oral taxa, especially Porphyromonas gingivalis and Fusobacterium nucleatum, have been shown to have carcinogenic potential by several different mechanisms. They can inhibit apoptosis, activate cell proliferation, promote cellular invasion, induce chronic inflammation, and directly produce carcinogens. These microbiota changes can already be seen with potentially malignant lesions of the oral cavity. The causal relationship between microbiota and cancer is complex. It is difficult to accurately study the impact of specific bacteria on carcinoma development in humans. This review focuses on the elucidating the interactions between oral cavity bacterial microbiota and cancer. We gather literature on the current knowledge of the bacterial contribution to cancer development and the mechanisms behind it.
Topics: Animals; Carcinogenesis; Inflammation; Mice; Microbiota; Mouth; Neoplasms; Periodontitis
PubMed: 33176328
DOI: 10.1159/000510979 -
The Medical Clinics of North America Nov 2014Patients often present to their physician with complaints of dental and/or oral pain. It is important for physicians to understand the complexities of oral anatomy and... (Review)
Review
Patients often present to their physician with complaints of dental and/or oral pain. It is important for physicians to understand the complexities of oral anatomy and how to perform a basic clinical examination of this area to evaluate and potentially manage patients with these complaints. This article discusses anatomic structures of the oral cavity and systematic clinical examination of this area.
Topics: Dentition; Diagnosis, Oral; Humans; Mouth; Mouth Mucosa; Pharynx; Primary Health Care; Salivary Glands
PubMed: 25443674
DOI: 10.1016/j.mcna.2014.08.001 -
Methods in Molecular Biology (Clifton,... 2021The human oral cavity is a major point of entry for microorganisms, many of which live and multiply in the mouth. In addition, it provides an accessible site for...
The human oral cavity is a major point of entry for microorganisms, many of which live and multiply in the mouth. In addition, it provides an accessible site for sampling compared to other parts of the body; however, caution should be taken during oral sampling as many factors contribute to the microbial diversity in a site-dependent manner. The accessibility of the oral cavity and its microbial diversity emphasize the crucial need to avoid cross-contamination during the sampling procedure. In this chapter, we describe various detailed oral sampling procedures. These methods include supragingival dental plaque sampling, subgingival dental plaque sampling, oral mucosal sampling, and endodontic sampling methods for extracted teeth or in the patient's mouth. The proposed protocols provide tips to avoid contamination between different oral sources of bacteria and possible alternatives to the tools used.
Topics: Bacteria; Dental Plaque; Humans; Mouth; Mouth Mucosa
PubMed: 34410637
DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1518-8_2 -
Topics in Magnetic Resonance Imaging :... Aug 2007The oral cavity is anterioly located and unique in the variety of tissues contained in this area. Although oral cancer screening may be done on clinical examination,... (Review)
Review
The oral cavity is anterioly located and unique in the variety of tissues contained in this area. Although oral cancer screening may be done on clinical examination, imaging plays a critical role in staging and determination of deep margins for either tumor resectability or radiation planning. This article discusses the relevant anatomy on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), including the lips and gingiva, floor of mouth, and oral tongue. This is followed by a discussion of standard MRI techniques, American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) classification, and relevant MRI findings with discussion and imaging examples of carcinoma in major sites, including floor of mouth, oral tongue, buccal mucosa, bony upper alveolus, hard palate, and retromolar trigone. A brief summary of newer imaging techniques for evaluation of oral cancer is also presented.
Topics: Female; Humans; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Male; Mouth; Mouth Neoplasms; Neoplasm Staging; Positron-Emission Tomography
PubMed: 17893592
DOI: 10.1097/RMR.0b013e3181572caa -
Life Sciences Jun 2019Oral epithelial barrier consists of closely controlled structure of the stratified squamous epithelium, which is the gateway to human bodies and encounters a huge burden... (Review)
Review
Oral epithelial barrier consists of closely controlled structure of the stratified squamous epithelium, which is the gateway to human bodies and encounters a huge burden of microbial, airborne and dietary antigens, as well as masticatory damage. Once this barrier is destroyed, it will trigger bone loss, tissue damage and microbial dysbiosis and lead to diseases, such as periodontitis, oral mucosal diseases and oral cancer. Recently, increasing evidences showed that different factors including microorganism, saliva, proteins and immune components have been considered to play a critical role in the disruption of oral epithelial barrier. Herein, we discussed mechanisms governing the maintenance of oral epithelial barrier. Besides, the role of oral epithelial barrier failure in oral carcinogenesis will also be talked about.
Topics: Animals; Dysbiosis; Epithelial Cells; Epithelium; Humans; Mouth; Mouth Mucosa; Mouth Neoplasms; Periodontitis; Saliva
PubMed: 31002922
DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2019.04.029 -
Oxidative Medicine and Cellular... 2022Oral diseases are among the most common human diseases yet less studied. These diseases affect both the physical, mental, and social health of the patients resulting in... (Review)
Review
Oral diseases are among the most common human diseases yet less studied. These diseases affect both the physical, mental, and social health of the patients resulting in poor quality of life. They affect all ages, although severe stages are mostly observed in older individuals. Poor oral hygiene, genetics, and environmental factors contribute enormously to the development and progression of these diseases. Although there are available treatment options for these diseases, the recurrence of the diseases hinders their efficiency. Oral volatile sulfur compounds (VSCs) are highly produced in oral cavity as a result of bacteria activities. Together with bacteria components such as lipopolysaccharides, VSCs participate in the progression of oral diseases by regulating cellular activities and interfering with the immune response. Hydrogen sulfide (HS) is a gaseous neurotransmitter primarily produced endogenously and is involved in the regulation of cellular activities. The gas is also among the VSCs produced by oral bacteria. In numerous diseases, HS have been reported to have dual effects depending on the cell, concentration, and donor used. In oral diseases, high production and subsequent utilization of this gas have been reported. Also, this high production is associated with the progression of oral diseases. In this review, we will discuss the production of HS in oral cavity, its interaction with cellular activities, and most importantly its role in oral diseases.
Topics: Apoptosis; Bacteria; Cystathionine gamma-Lyase; Humans; Hydrogen Sulfide; Mouth; Mouth Diseases; Mouth Neoplasms; Oxidative Stress
PubMed: 35116090
DOI: 10.1155/2022/1886277 -
Gerodontology Jun 2015Ageing produces several changes on the oral cavity, and oral varix (OV) is among the most common, and they are related with some medical diseases; however, this... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Ageing produces several changes on the oral cavity, and oral varix (OV) is among the most common, and they are related with some medical diseases; however, this association is not clear.
OBJECTIVE
The aim of this article is to offer a review of OV, regarding aetiology, clinical and histological features, associated factors, treatment and its clinical significance.
CONCLUSION
Except for a higher incidence of OV in elder individuals, there is limited evidence that supports its relationship with medical conditions such us cardiovascular diseases or portal hypertension. Also, there is no consensus regarding its pathogenesis, but the hemodynamic theory embodies the most comprehensive approach. The high prevalence in elderly people stresses the need for regular oral examination, but more detailed studies regarding OV in relation to systemic diseases are needed.
Topics: Age Factors; Aged; Humans; Incidence; Mouth; Mouth Diseases; Mouth Mucosa; Varicose Veins
PubMed: 23992044
DOI: 10.1111/ger.12074 -
Oral Diseases Nov 2016In this article, we review candidate biomarkers for Parkinson's disease (PD) in oral cavity, potential of oral biomarkers as markers of neuroplasticity, and literature... (Review)
Review
In this article, we review candidate biomarkers for Parkinson's disease (PD) in oral cavity, potential of oral biomarkers as markers of neuroplasticity, and literature on the effects of exercise on oral cavity biomarkers in PD. We first describe how pathophysiological pathways of PD may be transduced from brain stem and ganglia to oral cavity through the autonomic nervous system or transduced by a reverse path. Next we describe the effects of exercise in PD and potential impact on oral cavity. We propose that biomarkers in oral cavity may be useful targets for describing exercise-induced brain neuroplasticity in PD. Nevertheless, much research remains to be carried out before applying these biomarkers for the determination of disease state and therapeutic response to develop strategies to mitigate motor or non-motor symptoms in PD.
Topics: Biomarkers; Exercise Therapy; Humans; Mouth; Neuronal Plasticity; Parkinson Disease
PubMed: 26878123
DOI: 10.1111/odi.12463 -
Journal of Immunoassay & Immunochemistry 2019The oral mucosa protects the host against invading antigens and pathogenic microorganisms and contains an elaborate immune system and remains in a relative state of... (Review)
Review
The oral mucosa protects the host against invading antigens and pathogenic microorganisms and contains an elaborate immune system and remains in a relative state of health despite the heavy antigen load. The oral barrier is exposed to unique and diverse communities of commensal microbial communities that are known to play immune-stimulatory roles in oral inflammatory diseases. Saliva is secreted from the salivary glands and has multiple functions, including mouth cleaning and protection, antibacterial effects, and digestion. The major protective function of salivary secretions in the oral cavity is through immunological and non-immunological means as well as direct antimicrobial activity. A biomarker is an objectively measured and evaluated indicator of normal biologic processes, pathogenic processes, or pharmacologic responses to therapeutic intervention. With the rapid advancement in salivaomics, saliva is well recognized as a pool of biological markers. Saliva biomarkers include the changes in the biomolecules, such as DNA, RNA and proteins, and the microbial biofilm. There are numerous defense and protective proteins present in the saliva that are involved in oral homeostasis, immunity, and tolerance. This review article attempts to categorize and analyze the various biomolecules and biomarkers in the oral cavity that may be important in pathophysiology.
Topics: Biofilms; Biological Assay; Biomarkers; DNA; Humans; Mouth; Proteins; RNA
PubMed: 30497330
DOI: 10.1080/15321819.2018.1550423 -
International Journal of Pharmaceutics Aug 2014Oral transmucosal drug delivery (OTDD) dosage forms have been available since the 1980s. In contrast to the number of actives currently delivered locally to the oral... (Review)
Review
Oral transmucosal drug delivery (OTDD) dosage forms have been available since the 1980s. In contrast to the number of actives currently delivered locally to the oral cavity, the number delivered as buccal or sublingual formulations remains relatively low. This is surprising in view of the advantages associated with OTDD, compared with conventional oral drug delivery. This review examines a number of aspects related to OTDD including the anatomy of the oral cavity, models currently used to study OTDD, as well as commercially available formulations and emerging technologies. The limitations of current methodologies to study OTDD are considered as well as recent publications and new approaches which have advanced our understanding of this route of drug delivery.
Topics: Administration, Oral; Animals; Drug Delivery Systems; Humans; Models, Biological; Mouth; Mouth Mucosa; Oral Mucosal Absorption; Pharmaceutical Preparations; Species Specificity
PubMed: 24879936
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2014.05.043