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Head and Neck Pathology Mar 2019Candidiasis is a very common malady in the head neck region. This review will concentrate on intraoral, pharyngeal and perioral manifestations and treatment. A history... (Review)
Review
Candidiasis is a very common malady in the head neck region. This review will concentrate on intraoral, pharyngeal and perioral manifestations and treatment. A history of the origins associated with candidiasis will be introduced. In addition, oral conditions associated with candidiasis will be mentioned and considered. The various forms of oral and maxillofacial candidiasis will be reviewed to include pseudomembranous, acute, chronic, median rhomboid glossitis, perioral dermatitis, and angular cheilitis. At the end of this review the clinician will be better able to diagnose and especially treat candidal overgrowth of the oral facial region. Of particular interest to the clinician are the various treatment modalities with appropriate considerations for side effects.
Topics: Candidiasis, Oral; Humans
PubMed: 30693459
DOI: 10.1007/s12105-019-01004-6 -
Clinics in Dermatology 2016Oral candidiasis (OC) is a common fungal disease encountered in dermatology, most commonly caused by an overgrowth of Candida albicans in the mouth. Although thrush is a... (Review)
Review
Oral candidiasis (OC) is a common fungal disease encountered in dermatology, most commonly caused by an overgrowth of Candida albicans in the mouth. Although thrush is a well-recognized presentation of OC, it behooves clinicians to be aware of the many other presentations of this disease and how to accurately diagnose and manage these cases. The clinical presentations of OC can be broadly classified as white or erythematous candidiasis, with various subtypes in each category. The treatments include appropriate oral hygiene, topical agents, and systemic medications. This review focuses on the various clinical presentations of OC and treatment options.
Topics: Administration, Oral; Administration, Topical; Antifungal Agents; Atrophy; Candidiasis, Chronic Mucocutaneous; Candidiasis, Oral; Cheilitis; Erythema; Glossitis; Humans; Hyperplasia; Mouth Mucosa
PubMed: 27343964
DOI: 10.1016/j.clindermatol.2016.02.022 -
Postgraduate Medical Journal Aug 2002Oral candidiasis is a common opportunistic infection of the oral cavity caused by an overgrowth of Candida species, the commonest being Candida albicans. The incidence... (Review)
Review
Oral candidiasis is a common opportunistic infection of the oral cavity caused by an overgrowth of Candida species, the commonest being Candida albicans. The incidence varies depending on age and certain predisposing factors. There are three broad groupings consisting of acute candidiasis, chronic candidiasis, and angular cheilitis. Risk factors include impaired salivary gland function, drugs, dentures, high carbohydrate diet, and extremes of life, smoking, diabetes mellitus, Cushing's syndrome, malignancies, and immunosuppressive conditions. Management involves taking a history, an examination, and appropriate antifungal treatment with a few requiring samples to be taken for laboratory analysis. In certain high risk groups antifungal prophylaxis reduces the incidence and severity of infections. The prognosis is good in the great majority of cases.
Topics: Antifungal Agents; Candidiasis, Oral; Humans; Opportunistic Infections; Risk Factors
PubMed: 12185216
DOI: 10.1136/pmj.78.922.455 -
Medical Mycology Journal 2017The incidence of oral candidiasis has increased in the elderly in recent years. Although the increase of the elderly population plays a big role in this rise of oral... (Review)
Review
The incidence of oral candidiasis has increased in the elderly in recent years. Although the increase of the elderly population plays a big role in this rise of oral candidiasis, the broader recognition that elderly people have higher infection rates for oral candidiasis is considered to be also an important factor. Oral candidiasis can be categorized into three types. Pseudomembranous oral candidiasis is characterized by the appearance of white moss, erythematous oral candidiasis by the eruption of erythema, and hyperplastic oral candidiasis by mucosal hyperplasia. Miconazole has been commonly used when treating oral candidiasis. Elderly patients, however, have a tendency to develop oral candidiasis repeatedly. It is therefore critical to take measures to prevent recurrence. We recommend the use an oral moisturizer containing hinokitiol, an antifungal substance, on a regular basis, to help prevent recurrence of oral candidiasis.
Topics: Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Antifungal Agents; Candidiasis, Oral; Drug Therapy, Combination; Female; Humans; Male; Miconazole; Monoterpenes; Recurrence; Secondary Prevention; Tropolone
PubMed: 28566666
DOI: 10.3314/mmj.17.004 -
Current Drug Delivery 2023Oral candidiasis is an opportunistic infection of the oral mucosa sustained by fungi of the genus Candida. Various Candida species, with a predominance of C. albicans,... (Review)
Review
Oral candidiasis is an opportunistic infection of the oral mucosa sustained by fungi of the genus Candida. Various Candida species, with a predominance of C. albicans, normally a saprophyte of the oral cavity, may become virulent and infect the oral mucosa with variegated clinical presentation, in case of imbalance of the oral microbiota, the presence of local predisposing factors and systemic conditions that weaken the immune system. Conventionally, oral candidiasis eradication is done with the help of antifungal drugs. However, the growing phenomena of drug resistance and the increase in infections sustained by non-albicans species being less responsive to common antifungals have orientied researches towards the experimentation of alternative therapies. The present review considered the most promising alternative therapeutic proposals. The use of plant derivatives with phytotherapy is a promising option, such as probiotics, to rebalance the oral microbiota in case of dysbiosis. Finally, antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT), with highly selective fungicidal activity and free of side effects, is also being studied as a powerful alternative to drug administration. All these therapies are alternatives or supportive to the conventional treatment of recurrent and non-drug-responsive forms of oral candidiasis. However, further studies are needed to define the most active compounds, the efficacy of the therapies compared with the conventional ones, and the planning of regulated and standardized protocols.
Topics: Candidiasis, Oral; Antifungal Agents; Candida; Candida albicans; Photochemotherapy; Phytotherapy; Probiotics
PubMed: 35440307
DOI: 10.2174/1567201819666220418104042 -
Clinics in Geriatric Medicine Aug 1992Candida spp. can frequently cause oral infections in the elderly. A number of factors, including yeast virulence factors and compromised host defenses, contribute to... (Review)
Review
Candida spp. can frequently cause oral infections in the elderly. A number of factors, including yeast virulence factors and compromised host defenses, contribute to outcomes of clinical disease. Precise mechanisms that determine the varied clinical appearances of oral candidiasis have not been delineated fully. Oral candidiasis should be suspected at the clinical level when oral mucosal lesions consistent with the various presentations of candidiasis are observed in patients at risk. Culture remains the gold standard for assessment, although results may be equivocal. Topical or systemic antifungal therapy may result in resolution of symptoms and lesions, but lesions may recur if underlying risk factors remain.
Topics: Aged; Candidiasis, Oral; Humans
PubMed: 1504942
DOI: No ID Found -
Drug Design, Development and Therapy 2016To systematically review and assess the efficacy, different treatment protocols (formulation, dosage, and duration), and safety of nystatin for treating oral candidiasis. (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
OBJECTIVE
To systematically review and assess the efficacy, different treatment protocols (formulation, dosage, and duration), and safety of nystatin for treating oral candidiasis.
METHODS
Four electronic databases were searched for trials published in English till July 1, 2015. Randomized controlled trials comparing nystatin with other antifungal therapies or a placebo were included. Clinical and/or mycological cure was the outcome evaluation. A meta-analysis or descriptive study on the efficacy, treatment protocols, and safety of nystatin was conducted.
RESULTS
The meta-analysis showed that nystatin pastille was significantly superior to placebo in treating denture stomatitis. Nystatin suspension was not superior to fluconazole in treating oral candidiasis in infants, children, or HIV/AIDS patients. The descriptive investigations showed that administration of nystatin suspension and pastilles in combination for 2 weeks might achieve a higher clinical and mycological cure rate, and using the nystatin pastilles alone might have a higher mycological cure rate, when compared with using nystatin suspensions alone. Nystatin pastilles at a dose of 400,000 IU resulted in a significantly higher mycological cure rate than that administrated at a dose of 200,000 IU. Furthermore, treatment with nystatin pastilles for 4 weeks seemed to have better clinical efficacy than treatment for 2 weeks. Descriptive safety assessment showed that poor taste and gastrointestinal adverse reaction are the most common adverse effects of nystatin.
CONCLUSION
Nystatin pastille was significantly superior to placebo in treating denture stomatitis, while nystatin suspension was not superior to fluconazole in treating oral candidiasis in infants, children, or HIV/AIDS patients. Indirect evidence from a descriptive study demonstrated that administration of nystatin pastille alone or pastille and suspension in combination is more effective than that of suspension alone; prolonged treatment duration for up to 4 weeks can increase the efficacy of nystatin. More well designed and high quality randomized control studies are needed to confirm these findings.
Topics: Candidiasis, Oral; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Humans; Nystatin
PubMed: 27042008
DOI: 10.2147/DDDT.S100795 -
Dermatologic Clinics Oct 1987Oral candidiasis is one of the more common infections encountered by man. It manifests itself in a variety of forms, and can arise in any region of the mouth. A... (Review)
Review
Oral candidiasis is one of the more common infections encountered by man. It manifests itself in a variety of forms, and can arise in any region of the mouth. A generally innocuous and treatable disorder in healthy individuals, it can be the herald of underlying disorders that affect the endocrine or immune systems. In the debilitated or seriously ill, the capacity for seemingly benign oral candidiasis to progress into fulminating fatal infections by hematogenous dissemination must not be ignored. Oral candidiasis in the otherwise healthy patient challenges the physician's ability to identify the contributing factors and associated diseases that predispose to the infection. In the cancer and transplant patient, oral candidiasis is a harbinger of systemic infection, and has become a significant obstacle to successful management of patients with life-threatening diseases. Although several efficacious agents are available for uncomplicated candidiasis, there remains a need for better prophylactic agents to prevent dissemination and better therapeutic agents to treat established infections in immunocompromised patients.
Topics: Candidiasis, Oral; Humans
PubMed: 3315343
DOI: No ID Found -
Current Medicinal Chemistry 2019Candida is the main human fungal pathogen causing infections (candidiasis), mostly in the elderly and immunocompromised hosts. Even though Candida spp. is a member of... (Review)
Review
Candida is the main human fungal pathogen causing infections (candidiasis), mostly in the elderly and immunocompromised hosts. Even though Candida spp. is a member of the oral microbiota in symbiosis, in some circumstances, it can cause microbial imbalance leading to dysbiosis, resulting in oral diseases. Alternative therapies are urgently needed to treat oral candidiasis (usually associated to biofilms), as several antifungal drugs' activity has been compromised. This has occurred especially due to an increasing occurrence of drugresistant in Candida spp. strains. The overuse of antifungal medications, systemic toxicity, cross-reactivity with other drugs and a presently low number of drug molecules with antifungal activity, have contributed to important clinical limitations. We undertook a structured search of bibliographic databases (PubMed Central, Elsevier's ScienceDirect, SCOPUS and Springer's SpringerLink) for peer-reviewed research literature using a focused review in the areas of alternatives to manage oral candidiasis. The keywords used were "candidiasis", "oral candidiasis", "biofilm + candida", "alternative treatment", "combination therapy + candida" and the reports from the last 10 to 15 years were considered for this review. This review identified several promising new approaches in the treatment of oral candidiasis: combination anti-Candida therapies, denture cleansers, mouth rinses as alternatives for disrupting candidal biofilms, natural compounds (e.g. honey, probiotics, plant extracts and essential oils) and photodynamic therapy. The findings of this review confirm the importance and the urgency of the development of efficacious therapies for oral candidal infections.
Topics: Antifungal Agents; Biofilms; Candidiasis, Oral; Humans
PubMed: 29852856
DOI: 10.2174/0929867325666180601102333 -
British Dental Journal Nov 2017Candida is a fungus (yeast) that is generally regarded as a normal and harmless member of the oral microbiome in humans. Should host defences against these commensals be... (Review)
Review
Candida is a fungus (yeast) that is generally regarded as a normal and harmless member of the oral microbiome in humans. Should host defences against these commensals be compromised in any way then Candida can cause clinical signs and symptoms, which manifest as distinct forms of oral candidosis (candidiasis). Candida albicans is the most frequently isolated candidal species from the oral cavity, although a range of non-C. albicans Candida species are being increasingly encountered. The basic principle of the management of candidosis is to identify and eliminate any underlying host predisposing factor. However, in many cases, antifungal therapy will also be required as part of initial management. This article will provide an overview of the isolation, identification and pathogenicity of Candida species encountered within the mouth and relate these to clinical management of oral candidosis.
Topics: Candida; Candida albicans; Candidiasis, Oral; Humans
PubMed: 29123282
DOI: 10.1038/sj.bdj.2017.886