-
Surgical Oncology Clinics of North... Jul 2015Cancer of the oral cavity is one of the most common malignancies worldwide. Although early diagnosis is relatively easy, presentation with advanced disease is not... (Review)
Review
Cancer of the oral cavity is one of the most common malignancies worldwide. Although early diagnosis is relatively easy, presentation with advanced disease is not uncommon. The standard of care is primary surgical resection with or without postoperative adjuvant therapy. Improvements in surgical techniques combined with the routine use of postoperative radiation or chemoradiation therapy have resulted in improved survival. Successful treatment is predicated on multidisciplinary treatment strategies to maximize oncologic control and minimize impact of therapy on form and function. Prevention of oral cancer requires better education about lifestyle-related risk factors, and improved awareness and tools for early diagnosis.
Topics: Combined Modality Therapy; Humans; Mouth; Mouth Neoplasms; Prognosis
PubMed: 25979396
DOI: 10.1016/j.soc.2015.03.006 -
Neuroimaging Clinics of North America Nov 2022Knowledge of anatomy is essential to the understanding of disease and conditions of the oral cavity and salivary glands. This article is intended to serve as an overview... (Review)
Review
Knowledge of anatomy is essential to the understanding of disease and conditions of the oral cavity and salivary glands. This article is intended to serve as an overview of the oral cavity, its subsites, and that of the neighboring salivary glands. The authors cover the anatomy of the lips, tongue, floor of mouth, hard palate, teeth, various mucosal areas, and salivary ducts. When appropriate, radiological imaging along with figures serves as a companion to highlight the clinical relevance and practical applications of specific anatomic locations.
Topics: Humans; Salivary Glands
PubMed: 36244723
DOI: 10.1016/j.nic.2022.07.021 -
The Medical Clinics of North America Nov 2014Patients often present to their physician with complaints of dental and/or oral pain. It is important for physicians to understand the complexities of oral anatomy and... (Review)
Review
Patients often present to their physician with complaints of dental and/or oral pain. It is important for physicians to understand the complexities of oral anatomy and how to perform a basic clinical examination of this area to evaluate and potentially manage patients with these complaints. This article discusses anatomic structures of the oral cavity and systematic clinical examination of this area.
Topics: Dentition; Diagnosis, Oral; Humans; Mouth; Mouth Mucosa; Pharynx; Primary Health Care; Salivary Glands
PubMed: 25443674
DOI: 10.1016/j.mcna.2014.08.001 -
Seminars in Cutaneous Medicine and... Dec 2015White lesions in the oral cavity are common and have multiple etiologies, some of which are also associated with dermatological disease. While most intraoral white... (Review)
Review
White lesions in the oral cavity are common and have multiple etiologies, some of which are also associated with dermatological disease. While most intraoral white lesions are benign, some are premalignant and/or malignant at the time of clinical presentation, making it extremely important to accurately identify and appropriately manage these lesions. Due to their similar clinical appearances, it may be difficult sometimes to differentiate benign white lesions from their premalignant/malignant counterparts. This review will discuss many of the most common intraoral white lesions including their clinical presentation, how to make an accurate diagnosis, and effective treatment and management strategies.
Topics: Diagnosis, Differential; Disease Management; Humans; Mouth; Mouth Diseases
PubMed: 26650693
DOI: 10.12788/j.sder.2015.0180 -
Pathobiology : Journal of... 2021Oral microbiota are among the most diverse in the human body. More than 700 species have been identified in the mouth, and new sequencing methods are allowing us to... (Review)
Review
Oral microbiota are among the most diverse in the human body. More than 700 species have been identified in the mouth, and new sequencing methods are allowing us to discover even more species. The anatomy of the oral cavity is different from that of other body sites. The oral cavity has mucosal surfaces (the tongue, the buccal mucosa, the gingiva, and the palate), hard tissues (the teeth), and exocrine gland tissue (major and minor salivary glands), all of which present unique features for microbiota composition. The connection between oral microbiota and diseases of the human body has been under intensive research in the past years. Furthermore, oral microbiota have been associated with cancer development. Patients suffering from periodontitis, a common advanced gingival disease caused by bacterial dysbiosis, have a 2-5 times higher risk of acquiring any cancer compared to healthy individuals. Some oral taxa, especially Porphyromonas gingivalis and Fusobacterium nucleatum, have been shown to have carcinogenic potential by several different mechanisms. They can inhibit apoptosis, activate cell proliferation, promote cellular invasion, induce chronic inflammation, and directly produce carcinogens. These microbiota changes can already be seen with potentially malignant lesions of the oral cavity. The causal relationship between microbiota and cancer is complex. It is difficult to accurately study the impact of specific bacteria on carcinoma development in humans. This review focuses on the elucidating the interactions between oral cavity bacterial microbiota and cancer. We gather literature on the current knowledge of the bacterial contribution to cancer development and the mechanisms behind it.
Topics: Animals; Carcinogenesis; Inflammation; Mice; Microbiota; Mouth; Neoplasms; Periodontitis
PubMed: 33176328
DOI: 10.1159/000510979 -
Topics in Magnetic Resonance Imaging :... Aug 2007The oral cavity is anterioly located and unique in the variety of tissues contained in this area. Although oral cancer screening may be done on clinical examination,... (Review)
Review
The oral cavity is anterioly located and unique in the variety of tissues contained in this area. Although oral cancer screening may be done on clinical examination, imaging plays a critical role in staging and determination of deep margins for either tumor resectability or radiation planning. This article discusses the relevant anatomy on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), including the lips and gingiva, floor of mouth, and oral tongue. This is followed by a discussion of standard MRI techniques, American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) classification, and relevant MRI findings with discussion and imaging examples of carcinoma in major sites, including floor of mouth, oral tongue, buccal mucosa, bony upper alveolus, hard palate, and retromolar trigone. A brief summary of newer imaging techniques for evaluation of oral cancer is also presented.
Topics: Female; Humans; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Male; Mouth; Mouth Neoplasms; Neoplasm Staging; Positron-Emission Tomography
PubMed: 17893592
DOI: 10.1097/RMR.0b013e3181572caa -
Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology Feb 2023The phylum Pseudomonadota is amongst the most represented in the environment, with a comparatively lower prevalence in the human oral cavity. The ubiquity of... (Review)
Review
The phylum Pseudomonadota is amongst the most represented in the environment, with a comparatively lower prevalence in the human oral cavity. The ubiquity of Pseudomonadota and the fact that the oral cavity is the most likely entry portal of bacteria from external sources underlie the need to better understand its occurrence in the interface environment-humans. Yet, the relevance oral Pseudomonadota is largely underexplored in the scientific literature, a gap that this review aims at addressing by making, for the first time, an overview of the diversity and ecology of Pseudomonadota in the oral cavity. The screening of scientific literature and human microbiome databases unveiled 1328 reports of Pseudomonadota in the oral cavity. Most of these belonged to the classes Beta- and Gammaproteobacteria, mainly to the families Neisseriaceae, Campylobacteriaceae, and Pasteurelaceae. Others also regularly reported include genera such as Enterobacter, Klebsiella, Acinetobacter, Escherichia, Burkholderia, or Citrobacter, whose members have high potential to acquire virulence and antibiotic resistance genes. This review provides evidence that clinically relevant environmental Pseudomonadota may colonize humans via oral cavity. The need for further investigation about Pseudomonadota at the environment-oral cavity interface and their role as vectors potentially involved in virulence and antibiotic resistance transmission is demonstrated. KEY POINTS: • Neisseriaceae, Campylobacteriaceae, and Pasteurelaceae are part of the core oral microbiome • Enterobacteriaceae, Acinetobacter, or Burkholderia are frequent in the oral microbiome • Gut dysbiosis may be associated with colonization by ubiquitous oral Pseudomonadota.
Topics: Humans; Mouth; Bacteria; Microbiota; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Klebsiella
PubMed: 36567346
DOI: 10.1007/s00253-022-12333-y -
Topics in Magnetic Resonance Imaging :... Apr 2021Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is the imaging modality of choice to evaluate the complex anatomy and pathology of the oral cavity. In this article, an overview of MRI... (Review)
Review
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is the imaging modality of choice to evaluate the complex anatomy and pathology of the oral cavity. In this article, an overview of MRI findings of common benign lesions in the oral cavity including congenital, vascular, and inflammatory/infectious lesions will be reviewed. In addition, MRI findings of common benign and malignant oral cavity tumors will be presented.
Topics: Contrast Media; Humans; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Mouth
PubMed: 33828060
DOI: 10.1097/RMR.0000000000000278 -
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Clinics of... Feb 2022MR imaging is the modality of choice in the evaluation of oral cavity and oropharyngeal cancer. Routine postcontrast MR imaging is important for the accurate... (Review)
Review
MR imaging is the modality of choice in the evaluation of oral cavity and oropharyngeal cancer. Routine postcontrast MR imaging is important for the accurate localization and characterization of the locoregional extension of oral cavity and oropharyngeal cancers. The anatomy of the oral cavity and oropharynx is complex; accurate interpretation is vital for description of the extension of the masses. Understanding the new changes in the eighth edition of the American Joint Committee on Cancer staging system. MR imaging is the imaging modality of choice for detection of perineural spread.
Topics: Humans; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Mouth; Neoplasm Staging; Oropharyngeal Neoplasms
PubMed: 34802580
DOI: 10.1016/j.mric.2021.07.002 -
Archives of Microbiology Aug 2021A homeostatic balance exists between the resident microbiota in the oral cavity and the host. Perturbations of the oral microbiota under particular conditions can... (Review)
Review
A homeostatic balance exists between the resident microbiota in the oral cavity and the host. Perturbations of the oral microbiota under particular conditions can contribute to the growth of non-oral pathogens that are hard to kill because of their higher resistance to antimicrobials, raising the probability of treatment failure and reinfection. The presence of these bacteria in the oral cavity has been proven to be associated with several oral diseases such as periodontitis, caries, and gingivitis, and systemic diseases of importance in clinical medicine such as cystic fibrosis, HIV, and rheumatoid arthritis. However, it is still controversial whether these species are merely transient members or unique to the oral cavity. Mutualistic and antagonistic interactions between the oral microbiota and non-oral pathogens can also occur, though the mechanisms used by these bacteria are not clear. Therefore, this review presents an overview of the current knowledge about the presence of non-oral bacteria in the oral cavity, their relationship with systemic and oral diseases, and their interactions with oral bacteria.
Topics: Bacteria; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Humans; Mouth
PubMed: 33791834
DOI: 10.1007/s00203-021-02300-y