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Veterinaria Italiana 2015African horse sickness (AHS), a non-contagious infectious disease caused by a RNA virus in the Orbivirus genus within the Reoviridae family affecting all equids, is...
African horse sickness (AHS), a non-contagious infectious disease caused by a RNA virus in the Orbivirus genus within the Reoviridae family affecting all equids, is endemic in sub-Saharan Africa. The virus is transmitted by some species of biting midges in the genus Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). In April 2011, 8 Culicoides collections were performed in 6 districts of 4 regions of the Republic of Namibia (Africa), all within a 400 km radious from the capital Windhoek. Six farms - Khomas (Windhoek and Steinhausen), Erongo (Karibib and Omaruru), Otjozondjupa (Okahandja), and Omaheke (Gobabis) involved in the AHS outbreaks, were sampled. Overall 194,211 Culicoides were collected and identified. Culicoides imicola was largely the most abundant species at all farms (99.4%). A total of 18,687 parous and gravid Culicoides females were assayed for AHS virus (AHSV) by real time RT-PCR. Of the 248 assayed pools, 227 consisted of C. imicola, 13 of Culicoides pycnostictus and 5 of Schultzei complex. Only 1 pool each of Culicoides nivosus, Culicoides leucostictus, and Culicoides tropicalis was assayed. Of the 248 pools examined by real time RT-PCR, 81 tested positive for AHSV, all consisting of C. imicola collected at Omaruru, resulting in a field vector infection rate of 0.91%. No viable AHSV could be isolated from 88 of the tested pools (n = 1,463). However, bluetongue virus (BTV) serotype-1 and 10 were isolated from 3 of these pools, each consisting of 100 C. imicola collected at Windhoek. The present study confirms the relative low infection prevalence in field collected Culicoides and the strict relationship between the high abundance of C. imicola and outbreaks of AHSV.
Topics: African Horse Sickness; Animals; Ceratopogonidae; Disease Outbreaks; Female; Horses; Namibia; Orbivirus; Reoviridae Infections
PubMed: 25842209
DOI: 10.12834/VetIt.275.1016.2 -
Viruses Dec 2019We report the detection and gene coding sequences of three novel species found in six dead farmed white-tailed deer in the United States. Phylogenetic analyses indicate...
We report the detection and gene coding sequences of three novel species found in six dead farmed white-tailed deer in the United States. Phylogenetic analyses indicate that the new orbiviruses are genetically closely related to the Guangxi, Mobuck, Peruvian horse sickness, and Yunnan orbiviruses, which are thought to be solely borne by mosquitos. However, four of the six viruses analyzed in this work were found as co-infecting agents along with a known cervid pathogen, epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus-2 (EHDV-2), raising questions as to whether the new viruses are primary pathogens or secondary pathogens that exacerbate EHDV-2 infections. Moreover, EHDV-2 is known to be a -borne virus, raising additional questions as to whether species can also serve as vectors for the novel orbiviruses, if mosquitoes can vector EHDV-2, or whether the deer were infected through separate bites by the insects. Our findings expand knowledge of the possible viral pathogens of deer in the United States. Moreover, due to the close genetic relatedness of the three new orbiviruses to viruses that are primary pathogens of cattle and horses, our findings also underscore a crucial need for additional research on the potential role of the three new orbiviruses as pathogens of other animals.
Topics: Animal Diseases; Animals; Animals, Domestic; Computational Biology; Deer; Genome, Viral; Genomics; Geography, Medical; Orbivirus; Phylogeny; Public Health Surveillance; Reoviridae Infections; United States
PubMed: 31861885
DOI: 10.3390/v12010013 -
Virus Research Aug 2020A novel orbivirus had been identified as a member of the Orbivirus genus, which was isolated from pooled Culex fatigans mosquitoes in Guangdong of China, named as the...
A novel orbivirus had been identified as a member of the Orbivirus genus, which was isolated from pooled Culex fatigans mosquitoes in Guangdong of China, named as the Fengkai virus (FKOV). The cytopathic effects (CPEs) on both Aedes albopictus cells (C6/36) and mammalian cell lines (Vero and BHK-21) emerged in the cell cultures inoculated above virus in. Experimental confirmation as the Orbivirus genus was conducted by the Real-time PCR and based on Ion Torrent Next-Generation in sequencing. The Identities of VP1, VP2 and VP3 in amino acid sequences between the Tibet orbivirus (TIBOV) and this strain were 98.6%, 42.9%, and 99.9%, respectively, which indicated that this strain shares the same genus (VP1, Pol) and species (VP3, T2) with TIBOV but was greatly different in VP2 and VP5 (10.3%) of TIBOV. The VP2 and VP5 diversities of both TIBOV and FKOV strains suggested both serotypes are distinct with each other. As natural evolution and circulation, this strain might expand its host ranges and infect human beings as a potential and severe pathogen.
Topics: Aedes; Animals; China; Chlorocebus aethiops; Culex; Cytopathogenic Effect, Viral; Genome, Viral; Host Specificity; Orbivirus; Phylogeny; Vero Cells; Viral Proteins
PubMed: 32437817
DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2020.197990 -
MSphere Apr 2023Arboviruses are among emerging pathogens of public and veterinary health significance. However, in most of sub-Saharan Africa, their role in the aetiologies of diseases...
Arboviruses are among emerging pathogens of public and veterinary health significance. However, in most of sub-Saharan Africa, their role in the aetiologies of diseases in farm animals is poorly described due to paucity of active surveillance and appropriate diagnosis. Here, we report the discovery of a previously unknown orbivirus in cattle collected in the Kenyan Rift Valley in 2020 and 2021. We isolated the virus in cell culture from the serum of a clinically sick cow aged 2 to 3 years, presenting signs of lethargy. High-throughput sequencing revealed an orbivirus genome architecture with 10 double-stranded RNA segments and a total size of 18,731 bp. The VP1 (Pol) and VP3 (T2) nucleotide sequences of the detected virus, tentatively named Kaptombes virus (KPTV), shared maximum similarities of 77.5% and 80.7% to the mosquito-borne Sathuvachari virus (SVIV) found in some Asian countries, respectively. Screening of 2,039 sera from cattle, goats, and sheep by specific RT-PCR identified KPTV in three additional samples originating from different herds collected in 2020 and 2021. Neutralizing antibodies against KPTV were found in 6% of sera from ruminants (12/200) collected in the region. experiments with new-born and adult mice induced body tremors, hind limb paralysis, weakness, lethargy, and mortality. Taken together, the data suggest the detection of a potentially disease-causing orbivirus in cattle in Kenya. Its impact on livestock, as well as its potential economic damage, needs to be addressed in future studies using targeted surveillance and diagnostics. The genus contains several viruses that cause large outbreaks in wild and domestic animals. However, there is little knowledge on the contribution of orbiviruses to diseases in livestock in Africa. Here, we report the identification of a novel presumably disease-causing orbivirus in cattle, Kenya. The virus, designated Kaptombes virus (KPTV), was initially isolated from a clinically sick cow aged 2 to 3 years, presenting signs of lethargy. The virus was subsequently detected in three additional cows sampled in neighboring locations in the subsequent year. Neutralizing antibodies against KPTV were found in 10% of cattle sera. Infection of new-born and adult mice with KPTV caused severe symptoms and lead to death. Together, these findings indicate the presence of a previously unknown orbivirus in ruminants in Kenya. These data are of relevance as cattle represents an important livestock species in farming industry and often is the main source of livelihoods in rural areas of Africa.
Topics: Female; Animals; Cattle; Sheep; Mice; Orbivirus; Kenya; Lethargy; Ruminants; Animals, Domestic; Goats; Livestock; Antibodies, Neutralizing
PubMed: 36794933
DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00488-22 -
Archives of Virology Apr 2021Tibet orbivirus (TIBOV) was initially isolated in Tibet in 2009 and subsequently in Guangdong, Hunan, and Yunnan, China. We document the first isolation of TIBOV outside...
Tibet orbivirus (TIBOV) was initially isolated in Tibet in 2009 and subsequently in Guangdong, Hunan, and Yunnan, China. We document the first isolation of TIBOV outside of China: two TIBOV isolates from Culicoides collected in 2009 and 2010 in Kagoshima, Japan. Their complete genome sequences were also determined. Our results suggest that the two virus isolates are of novel serotypes, evident by variability within genome segment 2 encoding VP2. These new putative TIBOV serotypes will help with future virus surveillance and with the evaluation of its potential to cause disease in domestic ruminants.
Topics: Animals; Ceratopogonidae; Genome, Viral; Genomics; Japan; Orbivirus; Phylogeny; RNA, Viral; Sequence Homology; Serogroup; Viral Proteins
PubMed: 33547486
DOI: 10.1007/s00705-021-04966-7 -
PloS One 2014The genus Orbivirus includes a number of important pathogenic viruses, including Bluetongue virus (BTV), African horse sickness virus (AHSV), and Epizootic hemorrhagic...
BACKGROUND
The genus Orbivirus includes a number of important pathogenic viruses, including Bluetongue virus (BTV), African horse sickness virus (AHSV), and Epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus (EHDV). In this study we describe the isolation and characterization of an Orbivirus strain isolated from Anopheles maculatus mosquitoes collected in Tibet, China.
METHODS AND RESULTS
Initial viral screening identified a viral strain (XZ0906) that caused significant cytopathic effect (CPE) in BHK-21 cells, including rounding, cell rupture, and floating. Although CPE was not observed in insect cells (C6/36), these cells supported viral replication. Polyacrylamide gel analysis revealed a genome consisting of 10 segments of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA), with a distribution pattern of 3-3-3-1. 454 high throughput sequencing of culture supernatant was used for viral identification. Complete genome sequencing was performed by Sanger sequencing in combination with 5'-RACE and 3'-RACE. Sequence analysis demonstrated that all 5'- and 3'- untranslated regions (UTRs) for each of the 10 genome segments contained a series of six highly conserved nucleotides. In addition, homology analysis and phylogenetic analysis based on amino acid sequence was completed, and all results show that virus XZ0906 was not a member of any known species or serotype of Orbivirus, indicating it to be a new species within the genus Orbivirus.
CONCLUSIONS
The isolated Orbivirus strain was designated Tibet Orbivirus, TIBOV to denote the location from which it was isolated. TIBOV is a novel orbivirus species which is isolated from Anopheles maculatus mosquitoes collected in Tibet, China.
Topics: 3' Untranslated Regions; 5' Untranslated Regions; Amino Acid Sequence; Animals; Anopheles; Base Sequence; Cell Line; Cricetinae; Genome, Viral; Orbivirus; Sequence Analysis, DNA; Sequence Analysis, RNA; Tibet; Viral Proteins
PubMed: 24533145
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0088738 -
Transactions of the Royal Society of... Sep 2021Phlebotomine sand flies are vectors for several pathogenic bacteria, parasites and viruses that have significant impacts on public health. Sand fly-associated viruses...
BACKGROUND
Phlebotomine sand flies are vectors for several pathogenic bacteria, parasites and viruses that have significant impacts on public health. Sand fly-associated viruses that cause diseases in humans and animals have recently received more attention. This study aimed to detect pathogenic viruses belonging to the Orbivirus genus, Phlebovirus genus, Flavivirus genus and family Rhabdoviridae in several field-caught sand fly species in southern Thailand.
METHODS
Sand flies were collected in southern Thailand using CDC light traps. Each sample was processed individually for virus screening using RT-PCR and sequencing.
RESULTS
Seven out of 60 sand fly samples (two samples of Idiophlebotomus spp., three of Phlebotomus papatasi and two of Sergentomyia khawi) were positive for the Orbivirus genus, which is closely related to Changuinola virus (CGLV). Phlebovirus genus, Flavivirus genus and family Rhabdoviridae were negative in all samples.
CONCLUSIONS
CGLV causes Changuinola virus disease or Changuinola fever, a febrile illness in Central and South America. The virus has never been reported in Thailand. This study is the first report of the detection of CGLV in sand flies from Thailand. An extensive study of sand flies from other regions of the country and the associations between sand flies, viruses and vertebrate hosts in Thailand should be undertaken.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Orbivirus; Phlebotomus; Psychodidae; Reoviridae; Thailand
PubMed: 33515044
DOI: 10.1093/trstmh/traa203 -
The Veterinary Clinics of North... Jul 2024Reemerging and notifiable diseases of cattle and bison continue to pose potential risks to their health and lives and affecting production and the livelihoods of... (Review)
Review
Reemerging and notifiable diseases of cattle and bison continue to pose potential risks to their health and lives and affecting production and the livelihoods of producers. It is essential to understand the clinical presentation of these diseases to watch for possible incursions and infections and to immediately report your suspicions to your State and Federal Animal Health Officials. Three of these reemerging and notifiable diseases of cattle and bison, malignant catarrhal fever, bluetongue virus, and New World screwworm, are presented in this article for increased awareness to consider as a differential if examinations present suggestive clinical signs.
Topics: Animals; Cattle; Communicable Diseases, Emerging; Bluetongue; Cattle Diseases; Bison; Malignant Catarrh; Bluetongue virus
PubMed: 38453550
DOI: 10.1016/j.cvfa.2024.01.007 -
Archives of Virology. Supplementum 1998We are using crystallographic methods to investigate the structure of AHSV and BTV. Our initial approach was to investigate the structure of the major protein component...
We are using crystallographic methods to investigate the structure of AHSV and BTV. Our initial approach was to investigate the structure of the major protein component of the viral core, VP7(T13). This trimeric protein has been studied in several crystal forms from both orbiviruses and reveals a structure made up of conserved domains, capable of conformational changes and possessing a cleavage site. Further crystallographic analyses of native particles have provided a picture of the VP7(T13) and VP3(T2) layers of the BTV core. The VP7(T13) layer consists of 260 trimers arranged rather symmetrically and possessing very similar structures, thereby following the rules of quasi equivalence. The VP3(T2) layer is thin and contains 120 copies of 100 kDa protein arranged as 60 approximate dimers. This type of icosahedral construction has not been observed before and appears to contain a genome which is highly ordered. We anticipate that all of these features will be common to AHSV.
Topics: African Horse Sickness Virus; Animals; Antigens, Viral; Bluetongue virus; Crystallography; Protein Conformation; Viral Core Proteins; Viral Structural Proteins; Virion
PubMed: 9785510
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-7091-6823-3_21 -
Virologica Sinica Apr 2017[Image: see text]
UNLABELLED
[Image: see text]
ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL
Supplementary material is available for this article at 10.1007/s12250-016-3886-2 and is accessible for authorized users.
Topics: Animals; China; Culicidae; Genetic Variation; Orbivirus; RNA, Viral; Reassortant Viruses; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; Sequence Analysis, DNA; Sequence Homology; Whole Genome Sequencing
PubMed: 28063012
DOI: 10.1007/s12250-016-3886-2