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The Journal of General Virology Sep 2021Orbiviruses are arboviruses with 10 double-stranded linear RNA segments, and some have been identified as pathogens of dramatic epizootics in both wild and domestic...
Orbiviruses are arboviruses with 10 double-stranded linear RNA segments, and some have been identified as pathogens of dramatic epizootics in both wild and domestic ruminants. Tibet orbivirus (TIBOV) is a new orbivirus isolated from hematophagous insects in recent decades, and, currently, most of the strains have been isolated from insects in PR China, except for two from Japan. In this study, we isolated a novel reassortment TIBOV strain, YN15-283-01, from spp. To identify and understand more characteristics of YN15-283-01, electrophoresis profiles of the viral genome, electron microscopic observations, plaque assays, growth curves in various cell lines, and bioinformatic analysis were conducted. The results indicated that YN15-283-01 replicated efficiently in mosquito cells, rodent cells and several primate cells. Furthermore, the maximum likelihood phylogenetic trees and simplot analysis of the 10 segments indicated that YN15-283-01 is a natural reassortment isolate that had emerged mainly from XZ0906 and SX-2017a.
Topics: Animals; Cell Line; Ceratopogonidae; China; Genome, Viral; Humans; Orbivirus; Phylogeny; RNA, Double-Stranded; RNA, Viral; Reassortant Viruses; Virus Replication
PubMed: 34494948
DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001645 -
Advances in Virus Research 2020Bluetongue virus (BTV) is an insect-vectored emerging pathogen of wild ruminants and livestock in many parts of the world. The virion particle is a complex structure of... (Review)
Review
Bluetongue virus (BTV) is an insect-vectored emerging pathogen of wild ruminants and livestock in many parts of the world. The virion particle is a complex structure of consecutive layers of protein surrounding a genome of 10 double-stranded (ds) RNA segments. BTV has been studied extensively as a model system for large, nonenveloped dsRNA viruses. A combination of recombinant proteins and particles together with reverse genetics, high-resolution structural analysis by X-ray crystallography and cryo-electron microscopy techniques have been utilized to provide an order for the assembly of the capsid shell and the protein sequestration required for it. Further, a reconstituted in vitro assembly system and RNA-RNA interaction assay, have defined the individual steps required for the assembly and packaging of the 10-segmented RNA genome. In addition, various microscopic techniques have been utilized to illuminate the stages of virus maturation and its egress via multiple pathways. These findings have not only given an overall understanding of BTV assembly and morphogenesis but also indicated that similar assembly and egress pathways are likely to be used by related viruses and provided an informed starting point for intervention or prevention.
Topics: Animals; Bluetongue virus; Books; Capsid; Capsid Proteins; Cryoelectron Microscopy; Genome, Viral; Insect Vectors; Livestock; Viral Proteins; Virion; Virus Assembly; Virus Release; Virus Replication
PubMed: 33837718
DOI: 10.1016/bs.aivir.2020.08.002 -
Vector Borne and Zoonotic Diseases... Jun 2024Retrospective serological and case diagnostic data of endemic bluetongue virus (BTV) and epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus (EHDV) provide evidence of viral...
Retrospective serological and case diagnostic data of endemic bluetongue virus (BTV) and epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus (EHDV) provide evidence of viral transmission among livestock and wildlife from 2016 in Kansas and Nebraska. Serological testing of mature cattle in nine distinct regional zones of Kansas revealed 76% to 100% had detectable antibodies to BTV and/or EHDV. Specimens tested in the Kansas Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory (55 submissions) were 51% test positive for antibodies to BTV and/or EHDV. Specimens tested in the Nebraska Veterinary Diagnostic Center (283 submissions) were 25% test positive for antibodies to BTV and/or EHDV. Low disease incidence in white-tailed deer and other susceptible wild ungulates was observed during 2016. However, there were no confirmed reports of disease in livestock in either state. The reasons for emergence of significant clinical disease in livestock and wildlife populations remain undefined.
Topics: Animals; Kansas; Nebraska; Reoviridae Infections; Cattle Diseases; Cattle; Hemorrhagic Disease Virus, Epizootic; Bluetongue; Bluetongue virus; Animals, Wild; Deer; Antibodies, Viral; Retrospective Studies; Orbivirus
PubMed: 38386998
DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2022.0096 -
Transboundary and Emerging Diseases Nov 2022Tibet orbivirus (TIBOV), a new candidate of Orbivirus genus, was initially isolated from mosquitoes in Tibet in 2009 and subsequently from both Culicoides and mosquitoes...
Tibet orbivirus (TIBOV), a new candidate of Orbivirus genus, was initially isolated from mosquitoes in Tibet in 2009 and subsequently from both Culicoides and mosquitoes in several provinces of China and Japan. Little is known about the origin, genetic diversity, dissemination and pathogenicity of TIBOV, although its potential threat to animal health has been acknowledged. In this study, two viruses, V290/YNSZ and V298/YNJH, were isolated from the Culicoides and sentinel cattle in Yunnan Province. Their genome sequences, cell tropism in mammalian and insect cell lines along with pathogenicity in suckling mice were determined. Genome phylogenetic analyses confirmed their classification as TIBOV species; however, OC1 proteins of the V290/YNSZ and V298/YNJH shared maximum sequence identities of 31.5% and 33.9% with other recognized TIBOV serotypes (TIBOV-1 to TIBOV-4) and formed two monophyletic branches in phylogenetic tree, indicating they represented two novel TIBOV serotypes which were tentatively designated as TIBOV-5 and TIBOV-6. The viruses replicated robustly in BHK, Vero and C6/36 cells and triggered overt clinical symptoms in suckling mice after intracerebral inoculation, causing mortality of 100% and 25%. Cross-sectional epidemiology analysis revealed silent circulation of TIBOV in Yunnan Province with overall prevalence of 16.4% (18/110) in cattle, 10.8% (13/120) in goats and 5.5% (6/110) in swine. The prevalence patterns of four investigated TIBOV serotypes (TIBOV-1, -2, -5 and 6) differed from each one another, with their positive rates ranging from 8.2% (9/110) for TIBOV-2 in cattle to 0.9% (1/110) for TIBOV-1 and TIBOV-5 in cattle and swine. Our findings provided new insights for diversity, pathogenicity and epidemiology of TIBOV and formed a basis for future studies addressing the geographical distribution and the zoonotic potential of TIBOV.
Topics: Cattle; Animals; Mice; Swine; China; Tibet; Ceratopogonidae; Phylogeny; Cross-Sectional Studies; Serogroup; Orbivirus; Goats
PubMed: 36047657
DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14691 -
Journal of Medical Entomology Sep 2022The larval ecology of Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) influences their spatial distributions and the pathogens they transmit. These features are of special concern...
The larval ecology of Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) influences their spatial distributions and the pathogens they transmit. These features are of special concern for deer farmers in Florida where epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus (EHDV) is a major source of mortality in captive herds. Rarity of larval morphological expertise leads many researchers to study larval ecology by quantifying emergence, either with field emergence traps or removing substrate from the field for observation under laboratory conditions. We investigated the comparability of these methods in Florida seepages where two recently implicated EHDV vectors, Culicoides stellifer Coquillett and Culicoides venustus Hoffman, are common. We compared the abundance and composition of emerging Culicoides collected from emergence traps with removed substrate samples (soil plugs) at three seepages. Soil plugs were sampled adjacent to the emergence trap and from underneath the trap footprint, and then monitored under laboratory conditions for 11-13 wk to compare the methods and to assess the role of incubation period for removed substrate samples. Emergence traps and removed substrate sampling largely agreed on community compositions and trends within different seepages. However, comparatively large numbers of C. stellifer emerged later than expected and well into the incubation period with emergence still occurring after 13 wk (90 d). Removed substrate samples were more similar to emergence traps at shorter incubation times. The importance of time for the capture of Culicoides in removed substrate sampling was more pronounced than we anticipated and is important from both a methodological and biological perspective.
Topics: Animals; Ceratopogonidae; Deer; Florida; Hemorrhagic Disease Virus, Epizootic; Insect Vectors; Larva; Orbivirus; Soil
PubMed: 35802003
DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjac089 -
Molecular Biotechnology Aug 1999Virus crystallography can provide atomic resolution structures for intact isometric virus particles and components thereof. The methodology is illustrated by reference... (Review)
Review
Virus crystallography can provide atomic resolution structures for intact isometric virus particles and components thereof. The methodology is illustrated by reference to a particularly complex example, the core of the bluetongue virus (700 A).
Topics: Bluetongue virus; Cryoelectron Microscopy; Crystallization; Crystallography, X-Ray; Viral Core Proteins
PubMed: 10554770
DOI: 10.1385/MB:12:1:13 -
Archives of Virology Dec 2020A novel orbivirus (genus Orbivirus, family Reoviridae), designated Yonaguni orbivirus (YONOV), was isolated from bovine blood collected on a subtropical island of Japan...
A novel orbivirus (genus Orbivirus, family Reoviridae), designated Yonaguni orbivirus (YONOV), was isolated from bovine blood collected on a subtropical island of Japan in 2015. The YONOV genome (20,054 nucleotides in total) has a coding arrangement similar to those of mosquito-borne orbiviruses. YONOV has a close genetic relationship to mosquito-borne orbiviruses, especially to Mobuck virus (MBV), which was isolated in North America. However, YONOV and MBV share less than 74% nucleotide sequence identity in the major subcore protein (T2) coding sequence, which satisfies the criterion for species demarcation. It is still uncertain whether YONOV should be assigned to a novel species in the genus Orbivirus.
Topics: Animals; Cattle; Culicidae; Genome, Viral; Japan; Open Reading Frames; Orbivirus; Phylogeny; Reoviridae Infections; Sequence Analysis, DNA; Viral Proteins
PubMed: 32894348
DOI: 10.1007/s00705-020-04803-3 -
Journal of the South African Veterinary... Nov 2012In the early colonial history of South Africa, horses played an important role, both in general transportation and in military operations. Frequent epidemics of African...
In the early colonial history of South Africa, horses played an important role, both in general transportation and in military operations. Frequent epidemics of African horsesickness (AHS) in the 18th century therefore severely affected the economy. The first scientific research on the disease was carried out by Alexander Edington (1892), the first government bacteriologist of the Cape Colony, who resolved the existing confusion that reigned and established its identity as a separate disease. Bluetongue (BT) was described for the first time by Duncan Hutcheon in 1880, although it was probably always endemic in wild ruminants and only became a problem when highly susceptible Merino sheep were introduced to the Cape in the late 18th century. The filterability of the AHS virus (AHSV) was demonstrated in 1900 by M'Fadyean in London, and that of the BT virus (BTV) in 1905 by Theiler at Onderstepoort, thus proving the viral nature of both agents. Theiler developed the first vaccines for both diseases at Onderstepoort. Both vaccines consisted of infective blood followed by hyper-immune serum, and were used for many years. Subsequent breakthroughs include the adaptation to propagation and attenuation in embryonated eggs in the case of BTV and in mouse brains for AHSV. This was followed by the discovery of multiple serotypes of both viruses, the transmission of both by Culicoides midges and their eventual replication in cell cultures. Molecular studies led to the discovery of the segmented double-stranded RNA genomes, thus proving their genetic relationship and leading to their classification in a genus called Orbivirus. Further work included the molecular cloning of the genes of all the serotypes of both viruses and clarification of their relationship to the viral proteins, which led to much improved diagnostic techniques and eventually to the development of a recombinant vaccine, which unfortunately has so far been unsuitable for mass production.
Topics: African Horse Sickness; Animals; Bluetongue; Ceratopogonidae; History, 18th Century; History, 19th Century; History, 20th Century; Horses; Insect Vectors; Mice; Orbivirus; Sheep; South Africa; Viral Vaccines; Virus Cultivation
PubMed: 23327123
DOI: 10.4102/jsava.v83i1.532 -
The Journal of General Virology May 2013The genus Orbivirus of the family Reoviridae includes a genetically diverse group of dsRNA arthropod-borne viruses that infect a wide variety of animal species. Here, we...
The genus Orbivirus of the family Reoviridae includes a genetically diverse group of dsRNA arthropod-borne viruses that infect a wide variety of animal species. Here, we report the complete genome and phylogenetic analysis of a novel orbivirus (IAn-66411 or Sathuvachari virus, SVIV) isolated in 1963 from starlings (Brahminy myna) collected in Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India. Comparative genetic analysis of the SVIV polymerase (VP1 protein), core protein (VP3) and outer core protein (VP7) confirmed that SVIV is most closely related to the mosquito-borne orbiviruses, but that it is equally divergent from all known species. Therefore, SVIV should be tentatively considered as the prototype of a novel mosquito-associated Orbivirus species. These findings will aid in the development of molecular reagents that can identify genetically similar orbiviruses and help elucidate their geographical distribution, epidemiology, species tropism and possible disease association.
Topics: Amino Acid Sequence; Animals; Base Sequence; Bird Diseases; Cell Line; Chlorocebus aethiops; Cricetinae; Culicidae; Genome, Viral; India; Insect Vectors; Mice; Molecular Sequence Data; Orbivirus; Phylogeny; RNA, Viral; RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase; Reoviridae Infections; Sequence Analysis, DNA; Starlings; Vero Cells; Viral Core Proteins; Viral Nonstructural Proteins
PubMed: 23364187
DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.046748-0 -
The Journal of General Virology Feb 2019The genomic organization and in vitro host range of a novel mosquito-associated orbivirus, designated Skunk River virus, is described. The virus was isolated from Aedes...
The genomic organization and in vitro host range of a novel mosquito-associated orbivirus, designated Skunk River virus, is described. The virus was isolated from Aedes trivittatus collected in Iowa in the United States. Three recognized viruses were also recovered: Culex flavivirus (family Flaviviridae), Houston virus (family Mesoniviridae) and Umatilla virus (family Reoviridae). The genome of Skunk River virus contains 10 segments and its organization is characteristic of viruses in the genus Orbivirus (family Reoviridae). The coding region of each segment was fully sequenced, revealing that the greatest nucleotide identity was to the corresponding regions of Big Cypress orbivirus and Sathuvachari virus, two recently described mosquito-associated orbiviruses. The phylogenetic inference is in agreement with these findings. In vitro host range experiments revealed that Aedes, Anopheles and Culex cell lines, and select lepidopteran and rodent cell lines, are permissive to Skunk River virus replication. In conclusion, we provide evidence of a novel mosquito-associated orbivirus in Iowa.
Topics: Aedes; Animals; Anopheles; Cell Line; Culex; Gene Order; Genome, Viral; Host Specificity; Iowa; Lepidoptera; Orbivirus; Phylogeny; Rodentia; Sequence Analysis, DNA; Sequence Homology
PubMed: 30632960
DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001219