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Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health Apr 2019
Review
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Combined Modality Therapy; Drainage; Emergency Service, Hospital; Epididymitis; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Male; Orchitis; Rare Diseases; Risk Assessment; Salmonella; Salmonella Infections; Treatment Outcome
PubMed: 30407675
DOI: 10.1111/jpc.14295 -
Urology Jan 2004Xanthogranulomatous inflammation is an uncommon process that is usually associated with severe renal infection. We report a case of a 64-year-old man with... (Review)
Review
Xanthogranulomatous inflammation is an uncommon process that is usually associated with severe renal infection. We report a case of a 64-year-old man with xanthogranulomatous inflammation in the testis who presented with contralateral epididymoorchitis and a painless testicular mass. Only two prior cases of xanthogranulomatous orchitis have been reported. This case highlights the need for a broad differential diagnosis when approaching testicular masses, particularly in the setting of coincident infection.
Topics: Diagnosis, Differential; Epididymitis; Granuloma; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Orchiectomy; Orchitis; Testicular Neoplasms; Xanthomatosis
PubMed: 14751385
DOI: 10.1016/j.urology.2003.09.014 -
Urology Oct 1990
Review
Topics: Adolescent; Humans; Male; Mumps; Mumps virus; Orchitis
PubMed: 2219620
DOI: 10.1016/0090-4295(90)80248-l -
Autoimmunity Reviews 2014Autoimmune orchitis is characterized by testis inflammation and the presence of specific antisperm antibodies (ASA). It is classified in two categories. Primary... (Review)
Review
Autoimmune orchitis is characterized by testis inflammation and the presence of specific antisperm antibodies (ASA). It is classified in two categories. Primary autoimmune orchitis is defined by infertility and asymptomatic orchitis associated with ASA (100%) directed to the basement membrane or seminiferous tubules in infertile men, without any systemic disease and usually asymptomatic. Secondary autoimmune orchitis is characterized by symptomatic orchitis and/or testicular vasculiti`s associated with a systemic autoimmune disease, particularly vasculitis. These patients typically demonstrate testicular pain, erythema and/or swelling. ASA in secondary autoimmune orchitis have been reported in up to 50% of patients, especially in systemic lupus erythematosus patients. The pathogenesis of primary as well as secondary autoimmune orchitis is still unknown. Although the etiology is likely to be multifactorial, testicular inflammation, infection or trauma may induce T cell response with pro-inflammatory cytokine production with a consequent blood-testis-barrier permeability alteration, ASA production and apoptosis of spermatocytes and spermatids. ASA is known to cause immobilization and/or agglutination of spermatozoa, which may block sperm-egg interaction resulting in infertility. Assisted reproduction has been used as an efficient option in primary cases and immunosuppressive therapy for secondary autoimmune orchitis, although there is no double-blind, randomized trial to confirm the efficacy of any treatment regimens for these conditions.
Topics: Animals; Autoimmune Diseases; Biopsy; Blood-Testis Barrier; Humans; Male; Orchitis; Spermatozoa; T-Lymphocytes
PubMed: 24424181
DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2014.01.024 -
British Medical Journal (Clinical... Sep 1981
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Age Factors; Child; Epididymitis; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Orchitis
PubMed: 6790105
DOI: No ID Found -
British Medical Journal (Clinical... Oct 1981
Topics: Adult; Epididymitis; Humans; Male; Orchitis
PubMed: 6794787
DOI: No ID Found -
Sexually Transmitted Diseases 1984Epididymitis is the most common intrascrotal inflammation. Retrograde ascent of pathogens is the usual route of infection. Nonspecific bacterial epididymitis is caused... (Review)
Review
Epididymitis is the most common intrascrotal inflammation. Retrograde ascent of pathogens is the usual route of infection. Nonspecific bacterial epididymitis is caused by various aerobic bacteria, is frequently associated with anatomic abnormalities, and represents the most common type of epididymitis in older men. Sexually transmitted epididymitis is usually caused by Chlamydia trachomatis or Neisseria gonorrhoeae and represents the most frequent cause of acute scrotal swelling in men younger than 35 years of age. Underlying urologic abnormalities are uncommon in patients with sexually transmitted epididymitis. Systemic infections and trauma are unusual causes of epididymitis. Orchitis is less common than epididymitis. Blood-borne dissemination is the major route of testicular infection. With the exception of viral diseases, genitourinary tract infections seldom involve the testis primarily. Mumps is the most frequent cause of viral orchitis. Pyogenic orchitis usually results from an inflammatory process in the epididymis. Systemic dissemination of granulomatous infections may occasionally cause orchitis.
Topics: Adult; Diagnosis, Differential; Epididymitis; Humans; Male; Orchitis; Sexually Transmitted Diseases
PubMed: 6390741
DOI: 10.1097/00007435-198407000-00012 -
Scandinavian Journal of Rheumatology 1997Autoimmune diseases can affect the blood vessels, causing systemic vasculitis. Although testicular manifestation of some autoimmune diseases is not uncommon, only a few... (Review)
Review
Autoimmune diseases can affect the blood vessels, causing systemic vasculitis. Although testicular manifestation of some autoimmune diseases is not uncommon, only a few cases of acute orchitis are described in the literature. The underlying pathological condition in testicular manifestations of autoimmune diseases is severe vasculitis causing inflammation and infarction. In patients with recurrent episodes of scrotal swelling and pain, testicular vasculitis as the first sign of a systemic disease should be taken into consideration.
Topics: Acute Disease; Autoimmune Diseases; Humans; Male; Orchitis; Polyarteritis Nodosa; Polychondritis, Relapsing; Vasculitis
PubMed: 9225868
DOI: 10.3109/03009749709065674 -
Clinical Reviews in Allergy & Immunology Apr 2012Autoimmune orchitis is a relevant cause of decreased fecundity in males, and it is defined as a direct aggression to the testis with the concomitant presence of... (Review)
Review
Autoimmune orchitis is a relevant cause of decreased fecundity in males, and it is defined as a direct aggression to the testis with the concomitant presence of anti-sperm antibodies (ASA). The presence of these specific antibodies has been observed in approximately 5-12% of infertile male partners. Primary autoimmune orchitis is defined by isolated infertility with ASA but without evidence of a systemic disease. Secondary causes of orchitis and/or testicular vasculitis are uniformly associated with autoimmune diseases, mainly in primary vasculitis such as polyarteritis nodosa, Behçet's disease, and Henoch-Schönlein purpura. The overall frequencies of acute orchitis and ASA in rheumatic diseases are 2-31% and 0-50%, respectively. The pathogenesis of primary/secondary autoimmune orchitis is not completely understood but probably involves the access of immune cells to the testicular microenvironment due to inflammation, infection or trauma, leading to apoptosis of spermatocytes and spermatids. Glucocorticoids and immunosuppressive drugs are indicated in autoimmune orchitis-associated active systemic autoimmune diseases. However, there are no standardized treatment options, and the real significance of ASA in infertile men is still controversial. Assisted reproductive technologies such as intrauterine insemination, in vitro fertilization, and intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) are therapeutic options for male infertility associated with these autoantibodies. ICSI is considered to be the best choice for patients with severe sperm autoimmunity, particularly in males with low semen counts or motility.
Topics: Apoptosis; Autoantibodies; Autoimmune Diseases; Diagnosis, Differential; Diagnostic Tests, Routine; Fertility; Humans; Incidence; Male; Orchitis; Prevalence; Spermatozoa; Testis
PubMed: 21842235
DOI: 10.1007/s12016-011-8281-z -
Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease 2014To review retrospectively the clinical symptoms, laboratory findings and treatment outcomes of patients with Brucellar epididymo-orchitis. (Review)
Review
OBJECTIVE
To review retrospectively the clinical symptoms, laboratory findings and treatment outcomes of patients with Brucellar epididymo-orchitis.
MATERIAL AND METHOD
Retrospective data of 28 patients with Brucellar epididymo-orchitis who admitted to four medical centers between 2005 and 2013 were retrospectively reviewed. Positive blood culture, positive Rose Bengal test results or high agglutination titres of ≥ 1/160 with the positive clinical and ultrasonographic findings of orchitis were accepted as the main criteria for Brucellar epididymo-orchitis.
RESULTS
The mean patient age was 31 ± 16.9 years. Testicular involvement was on the left side in 16 patients and on the right side in 11 patients, one had bilateral disease. Testicular pain and swelling were the most common symptoms and elevation of C-reactive protein (CRP), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and leucocytosis were the most common laboratory findings. Initial treatment was orchidectomy in six patients due to malignancy suspicion. All but three patients were successfully treated with antibiotic combinations of rifampicin, doxycycline and streptomycin. Two of three treatment resistant patients underwent orchidectomy.
CONCLUSION
Brucellosis is a common cause of epididymo-orchitis in endemic regions. Early diagnosis and treatment is crucial in the management and thus it must be kept in mind in endemic and non-endemic regions.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Brucella; Brucellosis; Child; Drug Combinations; Epididymitis; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Orchiectomy; Orchitis; Retrospective Studies; Treatment Outcome; Turkey; Young Adult
PubMed: 25457303
DOI: 10.1016/j.tmaid.2014.10.005