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Molecular Cell Apr 2022Organelles are continuously turned over as part of cellular homeostasis and adaptation. Most organelles, even including the nucleus, are degraded by lysosomes via...
Organelles are continuously turned over as part of cellular homeostasis and adaptation. Most organelles, even including the nucleus, are degraded by lysosomes via different pathways, such as macroautophagy, microautophagy, organelle-derived vesicle degradation, and crinophagy. In some specific cases-for example, in lens fiber cells-organelles are degraded by cytosolic phospholipases. To view this SnapShot, open or download the PDF.
Topics: Autophagy; Cytosol; Lens, Crystalline; Lysosomes; Organelles
PubMed: 35452619
DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2022.03.015 -
Current Diabetes Reports Apr 2020Impairments in mitochondrial function in patients with insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes have been disputed for decades. This review aims to briefly summarize the... (Review)
Review
PURPOSE OF REVIEW
Impairments in mitochondrial function in patients with insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes have been disputed for decades. This review aims to briefly summarize the current knowledge on mitochondrial dysfunction in metabolic tissues and to particularly focus on addressing a new perspective of mitochondrial dysfunction, the altered capacity of mitochondria to communicate with other organelles within insulin-resistant tissues.
RECENT FINDINGS
Organelle interactions are temporally and spatially formed connections essential for normal cell function. Recent studies have shown that mitochondria interact with various cellular organelles, such as the endoplasmic reticulum, lysosomes and lipid droplets, forming inter-organelle junctions. We will discuss the current knowledge on alterations in these mitochondria-organelle interactions in insulin resistance and diabetes, with a focus on changes in mitochondria-lipid droplet communication as a major player in ectopic lipid accumulation, lipotoxicity and insulin resistance.
Topics: Cell Communication; Cell Membrane; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Endoplasmic Reticulum; Golgi Apparatus; Humans; Insulin Resistance; Lipid Droplets; Lysosomes; Mitochondria; Mitochondrial Diseases; Organelles; Overweight; Peroxisomes
PubMed: 32306181
DOI: 10.1007/s11892-020-01300-4 -
Biochemical Society Transactions Apr 2017Membrane contact sites (MCSs) are areas of close apposition between the membranes of two different organelles that enable non-vesicular transfer of ions and lipids.... (Review)
Review
Membrane contact sites (MCSs) are areas of close apposition between the membranes of two different organelles that enable non-vesicular transfer of ions and lipids. Recent studies reveal that mitochondria maintain contact sites with organelles other than the endoplasmic reticulum such as the vacuole, plasma membrane and peroxisomes. This review focuses on novel findings achieved mainly in yeast regarding tethers, function and regulation of mitochondria-organelle contact sites. The emerging network of MCSs linking virtually all cellular organelles is highly dynamic and integrated with cellular metabolism.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Ions; Lipid Metabolism; Mitochondria; Organelles; Saccharomyces cerevisiae; Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins; Signal Transduction
PubMed: 28408488
DOI: 10.1042/BST20160130 -
Journal of Structural Biology Oct 2016Cellular organelles must execute sophisticated biological processes to persist, and often communicate with one another to exchange metabolites and information. Recent... (Review)
Review
Cellular organelles must execute sophisticated biological processes to persist, and often communicate with one another to exchange metabolites and information. Recent studies suggest inter-organelle membrane contact sites (MCSs) are hubs for this cellular cross-talk. MCSs also govern membrane remodeling, thus controlling aspects of organelle shape, identity, and function. Here, we summarize three emerging phenomena that MCSs appear to govern: 1) organelle identity via the non-vesicular exchange of lipids, 2) mitochondrial shape and division, and 3) endosomal migration in response to sterol trafficking. We also discuss the role for ER-endolysosomal contact sites in cholesterol metabolism, and the potential biomedical importance this holds. Indeed, the emerging field inter-organellar cross-talk promises substantial advances in the fields of lipid metabolism and cell signaling.
Topics: Animals; Cholesterol; Humans; Intracellular Membranes; Lipid Metabolism; Lysosomes; Mitochondria; Organelles
PubMed: 27181417
DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2016.05.003 -
The Plant Journal : For Cell and... Sep 2007Genome sequencing has resulted in the identification of a large number of uncharacterized genes with unknown functions. It is widely recognized that determination of the...
Genome sequencing has resulted in the identification of a large number of uncharacterized genes with unknown functions. It is widely recognized that determination of the intracellular localization of the encoded proteins may aid in identifying their functions. To facilitate these localization experiments, we have generated a series of fluorescent organelle markers based on well-established targeting sequences that can be used for co-localization studies. In particular, this organelle marker set contains indicators for the endoplasmic reticulum, the Golgi apparatus, the tonoplast, peroxisomes, mitochondria, plastids and the plasma membrane. All markers were generated with four different fluorescent proteins (FP) (green, cyan, yellow or red FPs) in two different binary plasmids for kanamycin or glufosinate selection, respectively, to allow for flexible combinations. The labeled organelles displayed characteristic morphologies consistent with previous descriptions that could be used for their positive identification. Determination of the intracellular distribution of three previously uncharacterized proteins demonstrated the usefulness of the markers in testing predicted subcellular localizations. This organelle marker set should be a valuable resource for the plant community for such co-localization studies. In addition, the Arabidopsis organelle marker lines can also be employed in plant cell biology teaching labs to demonstrate the distribution and dynamics of these organelles.
Topics: Arabidopsis; Arabidopsis Proteins; Biomarkers; Luminescent Proteins; Organelles; Plasmids; Protein Transport
PubMed: 17666025
DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313X.2007.03212.x -
Journal of Biochemistry Apr 2015Organelle autoregulation is a homeostatic mechanism to regulate the capacity of each organelle according to cellular demands. The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress... (Review)
Review
Organelle autoregulation is a homeostatic mechanism to regulate the capacity of each organelle according to cellular demands. The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress response increases the expression of ER chaperones and ER-associated degradation factors when the capacity of the ER becomes insufficient, e.g. during cellular differentiation or viral propagation, and which can be restored through increased synthesis of secretory or membrane proteins. In the Golgi stress response, insufficient organelle capacity is responded to by augmentation of glycosylation enzyme expression and vesicular transport components. The mitochondrial stress response upregulates mitochondrial chaperone and protease expression in the mitochondrial matrix and intermembrane space when unfolded proteins accumulate in the mitochondria. The lysosome stress response is activated during autophagy to enhance the function of the lysosome by transcriptional induction of lysosome genes including cathepsins. However, many of the molecular mechanisms of organelle autoregulation remain unclear. Here, we review recent discoveries in organelle autoregulation and their molecular mechanisms.
Topics: Animals; Endoplasmic Reticulum; Golgi Apparatus; Homeostasis; Humans; Lysosomes; Mitochondria; Organelles; Stress, Physiological
PubMed: 25657091
DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvv010 -
Pharmacological Research May 2024Neuronal health is closely linked to the homeostasis of intracellular organelles, and organelle dysfunction affects the pathological progression of neurological... (Review)
Review
Neuronal health is closely linked to the homeostasis of intracellular organelles, and organelle dysfunction affects the pathological progression of neurological diseases. In contrast to isolated cellular compartments, a growing number of studies have found that organelles are largely interdependent structures capable of communicating through membrane contact sites (MCSs). MCSs have been identified as key pathways mediating inter-organelle communication crosstalk in neurons, and their alterations have been linked to neurological disease pathology. The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a membrane-bound organelle capable of forming an extensive network of pools and tubules with important physiological functions within neurons. There are multiple MCSs between the ER and other organelles and the plasma membrane (PM), which regulate a variety of cellular processes. In this review, we focus on ER-organelle MCSs and their role in a variety of neurological diseases. We compared the biological effects between different tethering proteins and the effects of their respective disease counterparts. We also discuss how altered ER-organelle contacts may affect disease pathogenesis. Therefore, understanding the molecular mechanisms of ER-organelle MCSs in neuronal homeostasis will lay the foundation for the development of new therapies targeting ER-organelle contacts.
Topics: Humans; Endoplasmic Reticulum; Animals; Nervous System Diseases; Signal Transduction; Neurons; Organelles
PubMed: 38518830
DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2024.107149 -
Nature Reviews. Microbiology Jun 2024
Topics: Organelles; Plastids
PubMed: 38658788
DOI: 10.1038/s41579-024-01053-x -
Talanta Jul 2023In recent years, the dual/multi-organelle-targeted fluorescent probe based on small organic molecules has good biocompatibility and can visualize the interaction between... (Review)
Review
In recent years, the dual/multi-organelle-targeted fluorescent probe based on small organic molecules has good biocompatibility and can visualize the interaction between different organelles, which has attracted much attention. In addition, these probes can also be used to detect small molecules in the organelle environment, such as active sulfur species (RSS), reactive oxygen species (ROS), pH, viscosity and so on. However, the review of dual/multi-organelle-targeted fluorescent probe for small organic molecules lacks a systematic summary, which may hinder the development of this field. In this review, we will focus on the design strategies and bioimaging applications of dual/multi-organelle-targeted fluorescent probe, and classify them into six classes according to different organelles targeted. The first class probe targeted mitochondria and lysosome. The second class probe targeted endoplasmic reticulum and lysosome. The third class probe targeted mitochondria and lipid droplets. The fourth class probe targeted endoplasmic reticulum and lipid droplets. The fifth class probe targeted lysosome and lipid droplets. The sixth class multi-targeted probe. The mechanism of these probes targeting organelles and the visualization of the interaction between different organelles are emphasized, and the prospect and future development direction of this research field are prospected. This will provide a systematic idea for the development and functional research of dual/multi-organelle-targeted fluorescent probe, and promote its research in related physiological and pathological medicine field in the future.
Topics: Fluorescent Dyes; Mitochondria; Lysosomes; Lipid Droplets; Reactive Oxygen Species
PubMed: 37084606
DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2023.124529 -
RNA Biology 2014I am honored to have been asked to contribute to this memorial issue, although I cannot claim to have known Carl Woese well. Carl's insights and the discoveries that his... (Review)
Review
I am honored to have been asked to contribute to this memorial issue, although I cannot claim to have known Carl Woese well. Carl's insights and the discoveries that his research group made over the years certainly stimulated my own research program, and at several points early on, interactions with him were pivotal in my career. Here I comment on these personal dealings with Carl and emphasize his influence in two areas of long-standing interest in my lab: organelle evolution and rRNA evolution.
Topics: Evolution, Molecular; Organelles; Phylogeny; Plants; RNA, Plant; RNA, Ribosomal
PubMed: 24572720
DOI: 10.4161/rna.27799