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Ethnicity & Health May 2023Existing scholarship has consistently demonstrated disparities in healthcare experience based on sexual identity. However, relatively little research has considered...
OBJECTIVES
Existing scholarship has consistently demonstrated disparities in healthcare experience based on sexual identity. However, relatively little research has considered intersections with race/ethnicity, despite that intersection with other characteristics may complicate healthcare experiences and satisfaction among sexual minorities. This study aims to address such a gap by examining healthcare satisfaction across the intersections of sexual and racial/ethnic identity.
DESIGN
Utilizing data on U.S. adults included in the 2013-2018 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) ( = 372,766), we investigate levels of satisfaction with care among a range of groups simultaneously embodying two identities.
RESULTS
Findings from ordered logistic regression models show that among adults who identify as heterosexual, the odds of reporting high satisfaction with care are lower among Blacks, Asians, and Native Americans. Among sexual minority adults, the likelihood of reporting high satisfaction with care is consistently lower among Native American gay and lesbian adults compared to gays and lesbians of other race/ethnicity or Native American and White heterosexuals, indicating heightened vulnerability to poorer healthcare experience among this multiple minority group.
CONCLUSION
While levels of satisfaction with care tend to be generally high across groups, future research should endeavor to investigate the driving factors that lower the odds of high healthcare satisfaction among those with intersecting minority identities.
Topics: Adult; Female; Humans; Male; Ethnicity; Heterosexuality; Sexual and Gender Minorities; Sexual Behavior; Racial Groups; United States; Patient Satisfaction; Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System; Logistic Models; Middle Aged; Aged
PubMed: 35803900
DOI: 10.1080/13557858.2022.2096207 -
Journal of Experimental Child Psychology Sep 2015The other-race effect (ORE) implies the better recognition of faces of one's own race compared with faces of a different race. It demonstrates that face recognition is...
The other-race effect (ORE) implies the better recognition of faces of one's own race compared with faces of a different race. It demonstrates that face recognition is shaped by daily experience with human faces. Such experience mainly includes structural information of own-race faces and also information on the way faces are usually seen, as a whole or partly covered by scarves or other headwear. In two experiments, we investigated how this mode of presentation is related to the occurrence of the ORE during childhood. In Experiment 1, 4-year-old German children (N = 104), accustomed to seeing faces without headwear in daily life, were asked to recognize female Caucasian or African faces, presented either as a whole or wearing a woolen hat, in a forced choice paradigm. In Experiment 2, 4-year-olds from rural Cameroon (N = 70), accustomed to seeing faces with and without headwear in daily life, participated in the same task. In both groups, the ORE was present in the familiar mode of presentation, that is, in whole faces in German children and in whole and partly covered faces in Cameroonian children. The results are discussed in relation to the role of experience for face recognition processes.
Topics: Cameroon; Child Development; Child, Preschool; Facial Recognition; Female; Germany; Humans; Male; Racial Groups
PubMed: 25935463
DOI: 10.1016/j.jecp.2015.03.011 -
Infant Behavior & Development Aug 2015Poorer recognition of other-race faces relative to own-race faces is well documented from late infancy to adulthood. Research has revealed an increase in the other-race...
Poorer recognition of other-race faces relative to own-race faces is well documented from late infancy to adulthood. Research has revealed an increase in the other-race effect (ORE) during the first year of life, but there is some disagreement regarding the age at which it emerges. Using cropped faces to eliminate discrimination based on external features, visual paired comparison and spontaneous visual preference measures were used to investigate the relationship between ORE and face gender at 3-4 and 8-9 months. Caucasian-White 3- to 4-month-olds' discrimination of Chinese, Malay, and Caucasian-White faces showed an own-race advantage for female faces alone whereas at 8-9 months the own-race advantage was general across gender. This developmental effect is accompanied by a preference for female over male faces at 4 months and no gender preference at 9 months. The pattern of recognition advantage and preference suggests that there is a shift from a female-based own-race recognition advantage to a general own-race recognition advantage, in keeping with a visual and social experience-based account of ORE.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aging; Asian People; Discrimination, Psychological; Face; Female; Fixation, Ocular; Gender Identity; Humans; Infant; Male; Photic Stimulation; Racial Groups; Recognition, Psychology; Sex Characteristics; White People; Young Adult
PubMed: 26143499
DOI: 10.1016/j.infbeh.2015.05.006 -
Annals of Internal Medicine Oct 1996The term "race" has many definitions, ranging from a family unit to a species, but in common and medical usage, defining "race" has meant separating Homo sapiens into... (Review)
Review
The term "race" has many definitions, ranging from a family unit to a species, but in common and medical usage, defining "race" has meant separating Homo sapiens into three to six groups. This division of Homo sapiens into race taxons started in the 18th century, when the sciences of genetics and evolutionary biology were not yet invented. These disciplines have since shown that human race taxonomy has no scientific basis. Race categories are social constructs, that is, concepts created from prevailing social perceptions without scientific evidence. Despite modern proof that race is arbitrary biological fiction, racial taxons are still used widely in medical teaching, practice, and research. Human diversity is inconsistently taught in medical schools and erratically presented in medical texts. Race taxons have been "medicalized"; that is, race groupings have been legitimized by their use in medical literature and practice as acceptable descriptive labels that are integral to the proper diagnosis and treatment of disease in humans. Assumptions about disease that are made because a race has been assigned can result in important negative consequences for individual patients and inaccurate genetic inferences for populations. In contrast, ethnicity is a concept that incorporates social, religious, linguistic, dietary, and other variables to identify individual persons and populations. Ethnicity may be able to impart clinical clues to diagnosis if the clinician taking the history is well informed and open minded. Ethnic boundaries are dynamic and imprecise, and a strict methodical approach to ethnicity that is equal to the approach required for the study of other variables is necessary if the concept of ethnicity is to be clinically useful.
Topics: Biomedical Research; Ethnicity; Humans; Medicine; Racial Groups; Semantics
PubMed: 8849153
DOI: 10.7326/0003-4819-125-8-199610150-00008 -
Genes Feb 2022The role of genetics in determining measured differences in mean IQ between putative racial groups has been a focus of intense discussion and disagreement for more than...
The role of genetics in determining measured differences in mean IQ between putative racial groups has been a focus of intense discussion and disagreement for more than 50 years. While the last several decades of research have definitively demonstrated that genetic variation can influence measures of cognitive function, the inferences drawn by some participants in the controversy regarding the implications of these findings for racial differences in cognitive ability are highly dubious. Of equal importance, there is no compelling scientific rationale for focusing on and devoting substantial effort to determining mean differences in intelligence or other cognitive functions between groups with incompletely defined and dynamic (and therefore not definitively definable) boundaries.
Topics: Cognition; Humans; Intelligence; Racial Groups
PubMed: 35205392
DOI: 10.3390/genes13020346 -
Health Services Research Apr 1995For decades data have been collected comparing health care in racial and ethnic groups. The use of such groups in health services research assumes that standard,... (Review)
Review
For decades data have been collected comparing health care in racial and ethnic groups. The use of such groups in health services research assumes that standard, reliable, and valid definitions of race and ethnicity exist and that these definitions are used consistently. In fact, race is a term often used, but ill defined. It can incorporate biological, social, and cultural characteristics of patients and can refer to both genetic and behavioral traits. Various investigators have reported differences between racial and ethnic groups in health status, disease manifestation and outcome, resource utilization, and health care access, often specifying neither a definition of race nor the measurement they used to classify their study populations. The role of race as an explanatory variable in health services research requires greater scrutiny than many researchers currently provide. Many studies use race as a proxy for other socioeconomic factors not collected in the research effort. This article explores the ambiguities about race as an explanatory variable that render such research difficult to interpret. We suggest that health services researchers focus on nonracial socioeconomic characteristics that might be both more informative and more useful in guiding policy formation.
Topics: Ethnicity; Health Services Research; Humans; Politics; Racial Groups; Social Class; Socioeconomic Factors
PubMed: 7721591
DOI: No ID Found -
Hawai'i Journal of Health & Social... Oct 2023Federal race and ethnicity data standards are commonly applied within the state of Hawai'i. When a multiracial category is used, Native Hawaiians are disproportionately... (Review)
Review
Federal race and ethnicity data standards are commonly applied within the state of Hawai'i. When a multiracial category is used, Native Hawaiians are disproportionately affected since they are more likely than any other group to identify with an additional race or ethnicity group. These data conventions contribute to a phenomenon known as data genocide - the systematic erasure of Indigenous and marginalized peoples from population data. While data aggregation may be unintentional or due to real or perceived barriers, the obstacles to disaggregating data must be overcome to advance health equity. In this call for greater attention to relevant social determinants of health through disaggregation of race and ethnicity data, the history of data standards is reviewed, the implications of aggregation are discussed, and recommended disaggregation strategies are provided.
Topics: Humans; Ethnicity; Hawaii; Health Status Disparities; Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander; Data Analysis; Racial Groups; Social Determinants of Health; Health Disparate Minority and Vulnerable Populations; Health Equity
PubMed: 37901675
DOI: No ID Found -
Psychonomic Bulletin & Review Oct 2011The present study investigated the effect of individual semantic information displayed simultaneously with faces on the other-race effect. Arbitrary descriptions of the...
The present study investigated the effect of individual semantic information displayed simultaneously with faces on the other-race effect. Arbitrary descriptions of the individual personalities of a set of faces were initially evaluated for consistency. Later, 83 naïve participants were allocated to three groups in which they saw faces and consistent, inconsistent, or neutral personality information about each face. Later, they completed a recognition task for the faces. The other-race effect was observed only in the control group and the consistent-information group, but not in the inconsistent-information group. This showed that inconsistent individual semantic information for each face can help to individuate these faces and eliminated the other-race effect.
Topics: Adolescent; Face; Female; Humans; Male; Personality; Photic Stimulation; Racial Groups; Recognition, Psychology; Semantics; Social Identification; Young Adult
PubMed: 21735332
DOI: 10.3758/s13423-011-0127-4 -
Journal of Experimental Child Psychology Feb 2015Both face shape and pigmentation are diagnostic cues for face identification and categorization. In particular, both shape and pigmentation contribute to observers'...
Both face shape and pigmentation are diagnostic cues for face identification and categorization. In particular, both shape and pigmentation contribute to observers' categorization of faces by race. Although many theoretical accounts of the behavioral other-race effect either explicitly or implicitly depend on differential use of visual information as a function of category expertise, there is little evidence that observers do in fact differentially rely on distinct visual cues for own- and other-race faces. In the current study, we examined how Asian and Caucasian children (4-6 years of age) and adults use three-dimensional shape and two-dimensional pigmentation to make similarity judgments of White, Black, and Asian faces. Children in this age range are capable of making category judgments about race but also are sufficiently plastic with regard to the behavioral other-race effect that it seems as though their representations of facial appearance across different categories are still emerging. Using a simple match-to-sample similarity task, we found that children tend to use pigmentation to judge facial similarity more than adults and also that own-group versus other-group category membership appears to influence how quickly children learn to use shape information more readily. Therefore, we suggest that children continue to adjust how different visual information is weighted during early and middle childhood and that experience with faces affects the speed at which adult-like weightings are established.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Age Factors; Child, Preschool; Cues; Face; Female; Humans; Judgment; Male; Pattern Recognition, Visual; Photic Stimulation; Racial Groups; Recognition, Psychology; Skin Pigmentation; Young Adult
PubMed: 25462031
DOI: 10.1016/j.jecp.2014.09.009 -
Studies in History and Philosophy of... Sep 2014The use of racial and ethnic categories in biological and biomedical research is controversial-for example, in the comparison of disease risk in different groups or as a...
The use of racial and ethnic categories in biological and biomedical research is controversial-for example, in the comparison of disease risk in different groups or as a means of making use of or controlling for population structure in the mapping of genes to chromosomes. Biogeographical ancestry (BGA) has been recommended as a more accurate and appropriate category. BGA is a product of the collaboration between biological anthropologist Mark Shriver from Pennsylvania State University and molecular biologist Tony Frudakis from the now-defunct biotechnology start-up company DNAPrint genomics, Inc. Shriver and Frudakis portray BGA as a measure of the 'biological', 'genetic', 'natural', and 'objective' components of race and ethnicity, what philosophers of science would call a natural kind. This paper argues that BGA is not a natural kind that escapes social and political connotations of race and ethnicity, as Shriver and Frudakis and other proponents believe, but a construction that is built upon race-as race has been socially constructed in the European scientific and philosophical traditions. More specifically, BGA is not a global category of biological and anthropological classification but a local category shaped by the U.S. context of its production, especially the forensic aim of being able to predict the race or ethnicity of an unknown suspect based on DNA found at the crime scene. Therefore, caution needs to be exercised in the embrace of BGA as an alternative to the use of racial and ethnic categories in biological and biomedical research.
Topics: Anthropology; DNA; Ethnicity; Europe; Genetics, Population; Genomics; Geography; Humans; Molecular Biology; Philosophy; Racial Groups; Research; Social Environment; United States
PubMed: 24989973
DOI: 10.1016/j.shpsc.2014.05.017