-
Medical Care Nov 2016Although many minority patients would prefer a provider of their own race/ethnicity, the influence of this relationship on patient-provider communication remains...
BACKGROUND
Although many minority patients would prefer a provider of their own race/ethnicity, the influence of this relationship on patient-provider communication remains unknown. This analysis examined the effect of patient-provider race/ethnicity concordance on patient-reported provider communication quality using data from the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey years 2002-2012.
METHODS
Ordinary least squares regressions were executed on communication rating, measured by the Consumer Assessment of Health Providers and Systems.
RESULTS
Only 13.8% of black, non-Hispanic patients reported their usual source of care provider matched their race/ethnicity, compared with 94.4% of white, non-Hispanic patients and 43.8% of Hispanic patients. Differences in communication ratings were driven by patient race, rather than provider race. Although black, non-Hispanic patients rate their communication significantly higher than their counterparts overall, there was no significant influence of patient-provider racial concordance on ratings of communication when controlling for other sociodemographic variables.
CONCLUSIONS
Minorities may seek the services of minority providers, but they are not more satisfied with patient-provider communication experience than when in race-discordant provider arrangements.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Black or African American; Communication; Female; Hispanic or Latino; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Patient Satisfaction; Physician-Patient Relations; Racial Groups; White People; Young Adult
PubMed: 27213546
DOI: 10.1097/MLR.0000000000000578 -
Scientific Reports Nov 2022People more accurately remember faces of their own racial group compared to faces of other racial groups; this phenomenon is called the other-race effect. To date,...
People more accurately remember faces of their own racial group compared to faces of other racial groups; this phenomenon is called the other-race effect. To date, numerous researchers have devoted themselves to exploring the reasons for this other-race effect, and they have posited several theoretical explanations. One integrated explanation is the categorization-individuation model, which addresses two primary ways (categorization and individuation) of racial face processing and emphasizes the emergence of these two ways during the encoding stage. Learning-recognition and racial categorization tasks are two classical tasks used to explore racial face processing. Event-related potentials can facilitate investigation of the encoding differences of own- and other-race faces under these two typical task demands. Unfortunately, to date, results have been mixed. In the current study, we investigated whether categorization and individuation differ for own- and other-race faces during the encoding stage by using racial categorization and learning-recognition tasks. We found that task demands not only influence the encoding of racial faces, but also have a more profound effect in the encoding stage of recognition tasks for other-race faces. More specifically, own-race faces demonstrate deeper structural encoding than other-race faces, with less attentional involvement. Moreover, recognitions tasks might ask for more individual-level encoding, requiring more attentional resources in the early stage that may be maintained until relatively late stages. Our results provide some evidence concerning task selection for future racial face studies and establish a groundwork for a unified interpretation of racial face encoding.
Topics: Humans; White People; Recognition, Psychology; Facial Recognition; Evoked Potentials; Racial Groups; Pattern Recognition, Visual
PubMed: 36344573
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-19880-4 -
NeuroImage Feb 2012Imitation plays a central role in the acquisition of culture. People preferentially imitate others who are self-similar, prestigious or successful. Because race can...
Imitation plays a central role in the acquisition of culture. People preferentially imitate others who are self-similar, prestigious or successful. Because race can indicate a person's self-similarity or status, race influences whom people imitate. Prior studies of the neural underpinnings of imitation have not considered the effects of race. Here we measured neural activity with fMRI while European American participants imitated meaningless gestures performed by actors of their own race, and two racial outgroups, African American, and Chinese American. Participants also passively observed the actions of these actors and their portraits. Frontal, parietal and occipital areas were differentially activated while participants imitated actors of different races. More activity was present when imitating African Americans than the other racial groups, perhaps reflecting participants' reported lack of experience with and negative attitudes towards this group, or the group's lower perceived social status. This pattern of neural activity was not found when participants passively observed the gestures of the actors or simply looked at their faces. Instead, during face-viewing neural responses were overall greater for own-race individuals, consistent with prior race perception studies not involving imitation. Our findings represent a first step in elucidating neural mechanisms involved in cultural learning, a process that influences almost every aspect of our lives but has thus far received little neuroscientific study.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Black or African American; Asian; Brain; Brain Mapping; Female; Humans; Imitative Behavior; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Male; White People; Young Adult
PubMed: 22062193
DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.10.074 -
Rhinology Mar 2010Researchers continue to categorise demograpic variables according to racial lines despite the fact that the definition of race has no scientific or anthropological... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Researchers continue to categorise demograpic variables according to racial lines despite the fact that the definition of race has no scientific or anthropological validity.
PURPOSE
The aim of this article is to discuss the scientific rationale for using race as a demographic variable in clinical research and to explore other suitable alternatives such as ethnicity, genetics and the nasal index in rhinology research.
RESULTS
There is consensus that research subjects should not be classified along racial lines. However, there is evidence that this practice remains prevalent. Ethnicity is not a good substitute for race. Whilst genomics is an objective measure of variation, it does not measure the impact of socioeconomic status, exposure to health risk factors and the availability of health- care on populations.
CONCLUSIONS
It is important to define the population demographics in any study, but race appears to be a category without any scientific basis. Other parameters that may be important such as ethnicity and genetics are still not fully developed to be useful. At present there is no generally accepted way of describing and classifying the subjects. The nasal index may be a suitable discriminator of variation for studies in rhinology but more studies are required to define its clinical relevance.
Topics: Biomedical Research; Demography; Ethnicity; Humans; Racial Groups
PubMed: 20502727
DOI: 10.4193/Rhin09.052 -
Brain Research Aug 2009People respond favorably toward self-resembling faces. We investigated the pattern of responding in the amygdala of Caucasian participants to self-face resemblance...
People respond favorably toward self-resembling faces. We investigated the pattern of responding in the amygdala of Caucasian participants to self-face resemblance expressed in same and other-race (African descent) faces. The amygdala response was 1) non-linear to faces as a function of self-facial resemblance and 2) attenuated to other-race self-resembling faces when regressed with implicit racial attitudes. These findings demonstrate that interactions of important facial social judgements are processed combinatorially in the amygdala.
Topics: Adult; Amygdala; Brain Mapping; Face; Female; Humans; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Male; Pattern Recognition, Visual; Racial Groups; Recognition, Psychology; Young Adult
PubMed: 19501073
DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2009.05.076 -
International Journal For Equity in... Jul 2023The challenges presented by multimorbidity continue to rise in the United States. Little is known about how the relative contribution of individual chronic conditions to...
BACKGROUND
The challenges presented by multimorbidity continue to rise in the United States. Little is known about how the relative contribution of individual chronic conditions to multimorbidity has changed over time, and how this varies by race/ethnicity. The objective of this study was to describe trends in multimorbidity by race/ethnicity, as well as to determine the differential contribution of individual chronic conditions to multimorbidity in hospitalized populations over a 20-year period within the United States.
METHODS
This is a serial cross-sectional study using the Nationwide Inpatient Sample (NIS) from 1993 to 2012. We identified all hospitalized patients aged ≥ 18 years old with available data on race/ethnicity. Multimorbidity was defined as the presence of 3 or more conditions based on the Elixhauser comorbidity index. The relative change in the proportion of hospitalized patients with multimorbidity, overall and by race/ethnicity (Black, White, Hispanic, Asian/Pacific Islander, Native American) were tabulated and presented graphically. Population attributable fractions were estimated from modified Poisson regression models adjusted for sex, age, and insurance type. These fractions were used to describe the relative contribution of individual chronic conditions to multimorbidity over time and across racial/ethnic groups.
RESULTS
There were 123,613,970 hospitalizations captured within the NIS between 1993 and 2012. The prevalence of multimorbidity increased in all race/ethnic groups over the 20-year period, most notably among White, Black, and Native American populations (+ 29.4%, + 29.7%, and + 32.0%, respectively). In both 1993 and 2012, Black hospitalized patients had a higher prevalence of multimorbidity (25.1% and 54.8%, respectively) compared to all other race/ethnic groups. Native American populations exhibited the largest overall increase in multimorbidity (+ 32.0%). Furthermore, the contribution of metabolic diseases to multimorbidity increased, particularly among Hispanic patients who had the highest population attributable fraction values for diabetes without complications (15.0%), diabetes with complications (5.1%), and obesity (5.8%).
CONCLUSIONS
From 1993 to 2012, the secular increases in the prevalence of multimorbidity as well as changes in the differential contribution of individual chronic conditions has varied substantially by race/ethnicity. These findings further elucidate the racial/ethnic gaps prevalent in multimorbidity within the United States.
PRIOR PRESENTATIONS
Preliminary finding of this study were presented at the Society of General Internal Medicine (SGIM) Annual Conference, Washington, DC, April 21, 2017.
Topics: Adolescent; Humans; Cross-Sectional Studies; Ethnicity; Hispanic or Latino; Multimorbidity; United States; Hospitalization; Young Adult; Adult; Middle Aged; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Racial Groups
PubMed: 37488549
DOI: 10.1186/s12939-023-01950-2 -
Human Biology May 2021The study of human variation is central to both social and biomedical sciences, but social and biomedical scientists diverge in how variation is theorized and...
The study of human variation is central to both social and biomedical sciences, but social and biomedical scientists diverge in how variation is theorized and operationalized. Race is especially problematic because it is a cultural concept that contains implicit and explicit understandings of how collective bodies differ. In this moderately updated article, originally published in in 2015 (vol. 87, no. 4, pp. 306-312), we propose an operationalization of race that addresses both racial experience and human biological diversity, placing them within the same ontological sphere. Furthermore, this approach can more effectively advance antiracist pedagogy and politics. We argue that human biological diversity does not have to be in opposition to constructivist notions of race. Rather, racial experience is emphasized as an embodied experience that is as real and as valid as biological variation. By focusing on both racial experience and biological diversity, it becomes more feasible to operationalize race to fruitfully inform the pedagogy and politics of antiracism. To do so, racial experience must be more broadly conceived and should not always equate to negative outcomes. With the recognition that racial experience has the potential to be something other than damaging, an antiracist anthropology can more effectively address issues pertaining to racial health disparities.
Topics: Anthropology; Biodiversity; Humans; Politics; Racial Groups; Research Design
PubMed: 34057330
DOI: 10.13110/humanbiology.92.3.05 -
Journal of Gerontological Social Work Oct 2018This study investigated to what extent income status and race/ethnicity in old age interplayed with disaster preparedness. Data came from the 2010 Health and Retirement...
This study investigated to what extent income status and race/ethnicity in old age interplayed with disaster preparedness. Data came from the 2010 Health and Retirement Study, a nationally representative panel survey of older Americans over 51 years old. Our sample was restricted to respondents who participated in a special survey about disaster preparedness (N=1,711). Disaster preparedness was measured as a score, which includes 13 variables. Race/ethnicity was categorized by White, Black, and Hispanic. Low income was defined as below 300% of the federal poverty line. OLS regression was used to examine the main and interaction effects of race/ethnicity and lower income status on disaster preparedness scores. We found that older adults in lower income status had lower preparedness level than those in higher income (Coef. =-0.318, p<.01). Hispanics tend to be less prepared compared to White and Blacks (Coef. =-0.608, p<.001). Preparedness of Black elders was not significantly different from that of Whites. However, interestingly, Black elders in lower income status were significantly less prepared for disaster than other groups (Coef. =- 0.622, p<.05). This study identified vulnerable subgroups of older adults for disaster preparedness and suggests that preparedness programs should target minority and low income elders.
Topics: Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Civil Defense; Female; Humans; Income; Male; Middle Aged; Racial Groups; Socioeconomic Factors; United States; Vulnerable Populations
PubMed: 29979948
DOI: 10.1080/01634372.2018.1489929 -
Health Affairs (Project Hope) Oct 2023Safety-net programs do not reach all eligible Americans, partly because of administrative burden, or experiencing bureaucratic obstacles in obtaining and maintaining...
Safety-net programs do not reach all eligible Americans, partly because of administrative burden, or experiencing bureaucratic obstacles in obtaining and maintaining program benefits. This burden often disproportionately affects historically marginalized groups, adding concerns about equity. We used a national survey to examine public thinking about the acceptability of administrative burdens imposed by states when implementing Medicaid and the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program and the role of race in these considerations. We found that support for state actions associated with six types of burden was unchanged when respondents were informed about disparate effects by race. Neither racial identity nor prejudice toward other racial groups was associated with support for policies imposing higher burdens. However, non-Hispanic White respondents with higher levels of racial resentment were more supportive of policies that would create burden, whereas respondents who believed that burdens had disparate effects on historically disadvantaged groups favored less burdensome alternatives. Also associated with lower support for more burdensome policies were responses indicative of respondents' empathy, concerns about ability to manage burdens, Democratic party identification, and program experience.
Topics: United States; Humans; Medicaid; Food Assistance; Racial Groups
PubMed: 37782861
DOI: 10.1377/hlthaff.2023.00472 -
PloS One 2018Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) tubes are widely used for enteral feeding after stroke; however, PEG tubes placed in patients in whom death is imminent are...
BACKGROUND
Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) tubes are widely used for enteral feeding after stroke; however, PEG tubes placed in patients in whom death is imminent are considered non-beneficial.
AIM
We sought to determine whether placement of non-beneficial PEG tubes differs by race and sex.
DESIGN AND SETTING/PARTICIPANTS
In this retrospective cohort study, inpatient admissions for stroke patients who underwent palliative/withdrawal of care, were discharged to hospice, or died during the hospitalization, were identified from the Nationwide Inpatient Sample between 2007 and 2011. Logistic regression was used to evaluate the association between race and sex with PEG placement.
RESULTS
Of 36,109 stroke admissions who underwent palliative/withdrawal of care, were discharge to hospice, or experienced in-hospital death, a PEG was placed in 2,258 (6.3%). Among PEG recipients 41.1% were of a race other than white, while only 22.0% of patients without PEG were of a minority race (p<0.001). The proportion of men was higher among those with compared to without a PEG tube (50.0% vs. 39.2%, p<0.001). Minority race was associated with PEG placement compared to whites (OR 1.75, 95% CI 1.57-1.96), and men had 1.27 times higher odds of PEG compared to women (95% CI 1.16-1.40). Racial differences were most pronounced among women: ethnic/racial minority women had over 2-fold higher odds of a PEG compared to their white counterparts (OR 2.09, 95% CI 1.81-2.41), while male ethnic/racial minority patients had 1.44 increased odds of a PEG when compared to white men (95% CI 1.24-1.67, p-value for interaction <0.001).
CONCLUSION
Minority race and male sex are risk factors for non-beneficial PEG tube placements after stroke.
Topics: Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Enteral Nutrition; Female; Gastrostomy; Humans; Male; Racial Groups; Retrospective Studies; Risk Factors; Sex Distribution; Stroke
PubMed: 29351343
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0191293