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Scandinavian Journal of Thoracic and... 1985Gibbon's rotating cylinder could not be enlarged to oxygenate an animal larger than a cat. The spinning disc oxygenator, introduced in 1947, had the capacity to perfuse... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
Gibbon's rotating cylinder could not be enlarged to oxygenate an animal larger than a cat. The spinning disc oxygenator, introduced in 1947, had the capacity to perfuse a dog and the potential to increase oxygenation capacity by addition of more discs. When centers began to do three to four open-heart operations per day, the disposable bubble oxygenator was more practical. Bubble size was optimized to decrease the flow of oxygen relative to the blood flow and reduce trauma to blood. The bubble oxygenator is the type most commonly used today. Use of deep hypothermia with whole blood at an esophageal temperature of 10 degrees C was initially complicated by brain damage due to aggregation of white blood corpuscles and platelets. The introduction of hemodilution permitted safe utilization of hypothermic perfusion. Perfusion of infants should not be carried out at hematocrit below 25 ml/100 m. Early membrane oxygenators used nonporous silicone, or modified silicone membranes. High priming volumes, high pressure drop and marginal gas transfer efficiency characterized these devices. Recent advances in membrane technology have spawned a new generation of membrane oxygenators utilizing microporous polypropylene. In these new oxygenators, with either microporous hollow fibers or sheet membrane, the gas transfer characteristics are far superior to those of types produced in the past. The hollow-fiber devices typically have larger surface areas and higher pressure drop than in the new state-of-the-art flat plate models. An evaluation of one of these new-generation membrane oxygenators gave optimal oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange at a gas flow of 1 l/min of 60% oxygen in air at 30 degrees C and 2 l/min of 80% oxygen in air at normal temperature and rewarming for an adult. Today, after almost 40 years of oxygenator development, these new membrane device can offer better platelet preservation and reduced blood trauma as compared with types developed in the past. The new membrane oxygenators are fast becoming the preferred choice for use in infants and in protracted perfusion.
Topics: Age Factors; Aged; Animals; Blood Cell Count; Body Temperature; Carbon Dioxide; Cardiac Surgical Procedures; Child; Child, Preschool; Dogs; Evaluation Studies as Topic; Humans; Hypothermia, Induced; Middle Aged; Oxygen; Oxygen Consumption; Oxygenators; Oxygenators, Membrane; Polypropylenes; Rectum
PubMed: 3936170
DOI: 10.3109/14017438509102721 -
ASAIO Journal (American Society For... 1993The authors devised an air lift pump oxygenator, comprised of double cylinders connected together and filled with perfluorocarbon (FC-75, 3M) as an oxygen carrier. While...
The authors devised an air lift pump oxygenator, comprised of double cylinders connected together and filled with perfluorocarbon (FC-75, 3M) as an oxygen carrier. While the oxygen enters the FC-75 through the lower inlet of one cylinder, the oxygenated FC-75 is lifted by an air lift pump and circulates in the two cylinders. FC-75 adds oxygen to the blood that infuses from the lower inlet of the other cylinder. The oxygenated blood is separated from the FC-75 by gravity and infused into the subject. The size of the cylinder is 2.2 cm in internal diameter and 17 cm in effective oxygenation height. The capacity of the oxygenator is 160 ml. PO2 went from 62 mmHg to 96 mmHg and PCO2 decreased from 31 mmHg to 25 mmHg at a blood flow of 50 ml/min and an oxygen flow of 2 L/min. Maximum blood flow was 60 ml/min and the blood reserve capacity was 20 ml/min. The air lift pump oxygenator has advantages, such as simple structure, no motor, and a small priming volume.
Topics: Blood Flow Velocity; Equipment Design; Fluorocarbons; Humans; Models, Cardiovascular; Oxygen; Oxygenators
PubMed: 8268633
DOI: No ID Found -
Journal of the American Medical... Oct 1952
Topics: Cell Respiration; Heart, Artificial; Heart-Lung Machine; Oxygenators; Respiration
PubMed: 14955450
DOI: 10.1001/jama.1952.03680050017005 -
Journal of Applied Physiology May 1959
Topics: Humans; Oxygen; Oxygenators
PubMed: 13654194
DOI: 10.1152/jappl.1959.14.3.470 -
Artificial Organs Oct 2000A new project is presented, the pumping oxygenator, functionally integrating pulsatile pumping and blood oxygenation in a single device. Solid, semipermeable silicone...
A new project is presented, the pumping oxygenator, functionally integrating pulsatile pumping and blood oxygenation in a single device. Solid, semipermeable silicone membranes allow gas exchange and simultaneously transfer energy from pressurized gas to blood thanks to their distensibility and to inlet and outlet 1-way valves. Two small-sized (1 m2 exchange surface area) prototypes were designed, constructed, hydraulically characterized, and subjected to gas transfer evaluation tests. Blood flow rates (Q(b)) up to 1,250 ml/min were obtained with 30 mm Hg static preload and 130 mm Hg afterload with 0.7 m upstream and 2.1 m downstream 3/8 inch pipes. Physiological oxygen transfer (VO2 = 5 ml/dl, ml of transferred O2/dl of treated blood) was delivered at Q(b) < 900 ml/min, about 4 ml/dl at Q(b) = 1,250 ml/min. VO2 also was significantly increased by increasing percent systolic time. CO2 transfer decreased regularly with increasing Q(b) from VCO2 = 4.8 ml/dl at Q(b) = 400 ml/min to VCO 2 = 2.1 ml/dl at Q(b) = 1,250 ml/min. The results confirm the possibility of integrating oxygenation and pulsatile pumping. The pumping oxygenator represents a promising project deserving further improvements.
Topics: Blood Flow Velocity; Carbon Dioxide; Equipment Design; Humans; Membranes, Artificial; Oxygen; Oxygenators, Membrane; Pulsatile Flow
PubMed: 11091169
DOI: 10.1046/j.1525-1594.2000.06491.x -
The Annals of Thoracic Surgery Jan 1976The comparative in vivo performance of adult-size bubble and rotating membrane oxygenators was evaluated during closed-chest cardiopulmonary bypass for six hours in two... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
The comparative in vivo performance of adult-size bubble and rotating membrane oxygenators was evaluated during closed-chest cardiopulmonary bypass for six hours in two groups of dogs. The results show that the rotating membrane oxygenator is efficient in oxygen and carbon dioxide transfer with minimal trauma to blood, while platelet destruction and hemolysis were marked with the bubble oxygenator. Cerebral, cardiac, and respiratory complications were frequent with the bubble oxygenator and absent with the membrane oxygenator.
Topics: Animals; Disposable Equipment; Dogs; Evaluation Studies as Topic; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Oxygen; Oxygenators; Oxygenators, Membrane
PubMed: 2114
DOI: 10.1016/s0003-4975(10)64887-4 -
Journal of Clinical Monitoring and... Oct 2017Monitoring veno-venous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (vvECMO) during 76 days of continuous support in a 42-years old patient with end-stage pulmonary disease,...
Monitoring veno-venous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (vvECMO) during 76 days of continuous support in a 42-years old patient with end-stage pulmonary disease, listed for double-lung transplantation. Applying a new monitor (Landing, Eurosets, Medolla, Italy) and describing how measured and calculated parameters can be used to understand the variable interdependency between artificial membrane lung (ML) and patient native lung (NL). During vvECMO, in order to understand how the respiratory function is shared between ML and NL, ideally we should obtain data about oxygen transfer and CO removal, both by ML and NL. Measurements for NL can be made on the mechanical ventilator. Measurements for ML are typically made from gas analysis on blood samples drawn from the ECMO system before and after the oxygenator, and therefore are non-continuous. Differently, the Landing monitor provides a continuous measurement of the oxygen transfer from the ML, combined with hemoglobin level, saturation of drained blood and saturation of reinfused blood. Moreover, the Landing monitor provides hemodynamics data about circulation through the ECMO system, with blood flow, pre-oxygenator pressure and post-oxygenator pressure. Of note, measurements include the drain negative pressure, whose monitoring may be particularly useful to prevent hemolysis. Real-time monitoring of vvECMO provides data helpful to understand the complex picture of a patient with severely damaged lungs on one side and an artificial lung on the other side. Data from vvECMO monitoring may help to adapt the settings of both mechanical ventilator and vvECMO. Data about oxygen transfer by the oxygenator are important to evaluate the performance of the device and may help to avoid unnecessary replacements, thus reducing risks and costs.
Topics: Adult; Blood Gas Analysis; Carbon Dioxide; Critical Care; Equipment Design; Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation; Fibrosis; Hemodynamics; Humans; Intensive Care Units; Lung; Male; Monitoring, Physiologic; Oxygen; Oxygenators; Pneumonia; Respiration; Respiration, Artificial
PubMed: 27558734
DOI: 10.1007/s10877-016-9927-4 -
Annals of Surgery Apr 1977A microporous membrane oxygenator has been used in 258 clinical perfusions for cardiac surgery. In 132 perfusions the oxygenator was ventilated with 100% O2, and in 126...
A microporous membrane oxygenator has been used in 258 clinical perfusions for cardiac surgery. In 132 perfusions the oxygenator was ventilated with 100% O2, and in 126 perfusions 98% O2-2%CO2 was used. Patients' BSA was 0.4-2.3 M2. Bypass duration was up to 563 min. In the group ventilated with 100% O2, average PaCO2 was 30 mmHg, with arterial pH of 7.48. 98% O2-2% ventilation resulted in an average PaCO2 of 36 mmHg, with arterial pH of 7.41. CO2 transfer is influenced by gas flow rate, and data from selected cases demonstrate that increasing gas flow results in decreasing PaCO2, while decreasing gas flow increases PaCO2. The thickness of the blood film is decreased by increasing the "shim" pressure, so that increasing the "shim" presure results in higher PaO2. Oxygen saturation averaged 99% for the entire series. Addition of CO2 to the oxygen and appropriate changes in gas flow and "shim" pressure permit changes to be made in the ventilation of the device during perfusion to achieve desired levels of PaO2 and PaCO2 under widely disparate conditions of temperature and flow.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Carbon Dioxide; Cardiac Surgical Procedures; Child; Child, Preschool; Humans; Middle Aged; Oxygen; Oxygenators, Membrane; Pressure
PubMed: 843135
DOI: 10.1097/00000658-197704000-00004 -
The Japanese Journal of Surgery Dec 1978A new bubble oxygenator, designed for simple operation and clinical efficacy in intracardiac surgery, has been developed and clinically evaluated. This device is...
A new bubble oxygenator, designed for simple operation and clinical efficacy in intracardiac surgery, has been developed and clinically evaluated. This device is characterized by an oxygenating chamber with controllable blood-volume, integral heat exchanger and two-stage microfilter of gravity drainage system, an apparatus for creating and uniformly distributing oxygen bubbles, and construction materials of the device known to be minimally traumatic to the blood. Clinical experience in 132 infantile and pediatric open heart procedures has demonstrated its effectiveness as measured by embolic complications and simplicity in maintaining physiologic blood gas levels.
Topics: Blood Volume; Cardiac Surgical Procedures; Child; Child, Preschool; Embolism, Air; Hemolysis; Humans; Infant; Oxygen; Oxygenators, Membrane; Postoperative Complications; Ultrafiltration
PubMed: 732050
DOI: 10.1007/BF02469409 -
Retina (Philadelphia, Pa.) Jan 2007We describe a novel method to oxygenate intraocular irrigation solutions involving an in-line oxygenator.
PURPOSE
We describe a novel method to oxygenate intraocular irrigation solutions involving an in-line oxygenator.
METHODS
Either lactated Ringer (LR) solution or balanced salt solution (BSS) was oxygenated with the FE390 Stainless In-line Oxygenation Assembly (Beer, Beer, and More Beer, Concord, CA). After running a 100-mL of solution through the in-line oxygenator, oxygen saturation was measured with a dissolved oxygen meter. A control experiment involving the oxygenator without oxygen perfusion was performed. Paired t-tests were used to compare oxygen saturation changes before and after oxygenation.
RESULTS
In comparison with the original BSS, there was an increase in oxygen saturation of 162 +/- 47% (n = 40; P < 0.05). Without oxygenation perfusion, there was only a 24 +/- 14% (n = 40) increase in oxygen levels in BSS, which was significantly lower than that in treated BSS (P < 0.05). In comparison with the original LR solution, there was an increase in oxygen saturation of 208 +/- 21% (n = 40; P < 0.05). Without oxygenation perfusion, there was only a 21 +/- 9% (n = 40) gain in oxygen saturation in the control LR solution, which was statistically lower as well (P < 0.05).
CONCLUSION
The in-line oxygenator is an efficient tool for oxygenating BSS and LR solution. It represents a potential efficient and convenient method to oxygenate irrigating solutions for vitreoretinal surgeries.
Topics: Acetates; Drug Combinations; Isotonic Solutions; Minerals; Ophthalmic Solutions; Ophthalmology; Oxygen; Oxygenators; Ringer's Lactate; Sodium Chloride; Therapeutic Irrigation
PubMed: 17218920
DOI: 10.1097/01.iae.0000231354.10125.5f