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The Journal of Neuroscience : the... Jan 2022Predicting and organizing patterns of events is important for humans to survive in a dynamically changing world. The motor system has been proposed to be actively, and...
Predicting and organizing patterns of events is important for humans to survive in a dynamically changing world. The motor system has been proposed to be actively, and necessarily, engaged in not only the production but the perception of rhythm by organizing hierarchical timing that influences auditory responses. It is not yet well understood how the motor system interacts with the auditory system to perceive and maintain hierarchical structure in time. This study investigated the dynamic interaction between auditory and motor functional sources during the perception and imagination of musical meters. We pursued this using a novel method combining high-density EEG, EMG, and motion capture with independent component analysis to separate motor and auditory activity during meter imagery while robustly controlling against covert movement. We demonstrated that endogenous brain activity in both auditory and motor functional sources reflects the imagination of binary and ternary meters in the absence of corresponding acoustic cues or overt movement at the meter rate. We found clear evidence for hypothesized motor-to-auditory information flow at the beat rate in all conditions, suggesting a role for top-down influence of the motor system on auditory processing of beat-based rhythms, and reflecting an auditory-motor system with tight reciprocal informational coupling. These findings align with and further extend a set of motor hypotheses from beat perception to hierarchical meter imagination, adding supporting evidence to active engagement of the motor system in auditory processing, which may more broadly speak to the neural mechanisms of temporal processing in other human cognitive functions. Humans live in a world full of hierarchically structured temporal information, the accurate perception of which is essential for understanding speech and music. Music provides a window into the brain mechanisms of time perception, enabling us to examine how the brain groups musical beats into, for example a march or waltz. Using a novel paradigm combining measurement of electrical brain activity with data-driven analysis, this study directly investigates motor-auditory connectivity during meter imagination. Findings highlight the importance of the motor system in the active imagination of meter. This study sheds new light on a fundamental form of perception by demonstrating how auditory-motor interaction may support hierarchical timing processing, which may have clinical implications for speech and motor rehabilitation.
Topics: Acoustic Stimulation; Auditory Perception; Brain; Electroencephalography; Electromyography; Female; Humans; Imagination; Male; Muscle, Skeletal; Music; Periodicity; Time Perception; Young Adult
PubMed: 34848500
DOI: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1121-21.2021 -
Veterinary Clinical Pathology Mar 2012Urinary dipsticks are the most frequent method used for screening of ketones in animals, but this method has many drawbacks. In human medicine, portable meters that...
BACKGROUND
Urinary dipsticks are the most frequent method used for screening of ketones in animals, but this method has many drawbacks. In human medicine, portable meters that measure ketones in whole blood have largely replaced urinary dipsticks.
OBJECTIVE
The aim of this prospective study was to validate a portable whole-blood ketone meter for use in cats.
METHODS
Sixty-two cats (11 clinically healthy, 51 with diabetes mellitus) were included in the study. The concentration of β-hydroxybuyrate (β-HB) was measured in venous and capillary blood with a hand-held ketone meter (Precision Xceed; assay range 0-8 mmol/L) and compared with a spectrophotometric method. Precision, accuracy, and the effects of hematocrit and anticoagulants were evaluated.
RESULTS
Between-run precision using low- and high-concentration control solutions was 8.1% and 2.6%, respectively; within-run coefficient of variation determined using 12 feline blood samples was 2.8%. In the 62 cats, β-HB concentrations measured with the portable ketone meter ranged from 0-7.4 mmol/L (median 0.9 mmol/L). When β-HB concentrations measured by the portable meter were < 4.0 mmol/L there was good agreement with the reference method, but concentrations > 4.0 mmol/L were lower than those obtained by the reference method in 20 of 24 cats (83%). There was good correlation between capillary and venous measurements. Results were not affected by hematocrits from 0.17 to 0.50 L/L, but EDTA was not a suitable anticoagulant.
CONCLUSION
Measurement of β-HB concentration in peripheral or capillary blood by an easy-to-use portable ketone meter was suitable for detecting ketonemia in cats. Underestimation of β-HB concentration was observed at higher values, but results were sufficiently high to aid in diagnosing diabetic ketoacidosis.
Topics: 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid; Animals; Cat Diseases; Cats; Diabetes Mellitus; Female; Ketones; Male; Point-of-Care Systems; Prospective Studies; Reproducibility of Results; Spectrophotometry
PubMed: 22250845
DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-165X.2011.00389.x -
Journal of Diabetes Science and... Nov 2011Off-meter dosed photometric glucose-oxidase-based glucose meters have been reported to be susceptible to interference by hydrogen-peroxide-based disinfecting agents. The...
BACKGROUND
Off-meter dosed photometric glucose-oxidase-based glucose meters have been reported to be susceptible to interference by hydrogen-peroxide-based disinfecting agents. The objective of this study was to determine if a single application of hydrogen-peroxide-containing Accel® wipe to disinfect an on-meter dosed amperometric glucose-oxidase-based glucose meter will influence its performance.
METHOD
The performance of five on-meter dosed amperometric glucose-oxidase-based glucose meters was determined before and after disinfecting the devices with a single application of either CaviWipes® (14.3% isopropanol and 0.23% diisobutyl-phenoxy-ethoxyethyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride) or Accel (0.5% hydrogen peroxide) wipes. Replicate glucose measurements were conducted before disinfecting the devices, immediately after disinfecting, and then 1 and 2 min postdisinfecting, with measurements in triplicate. Analysis was sequentially completed for five different meters. Results were analyzed by a two-way analysis of variance (Analyze-it software).
RESULTS
No clinical (<0.3 mmol/liter) or statistical differences (p > .05) in glucose concentration were detected when the on-meter dosed amperometric glucose-oxidase-based glucose meters were disinfected with either CaviWipes or Accel wipes and measured immediately or 1 or 2 min postdisinfecting. No clinically significant difference in glucose concentration was detected between meters (<0.3 mmol/liter).
CONCLUSION
The on-meter dosed glucose oxidase amperometric-based glucose meters are not analytically susceptible to interference by a single application of hydrogen-peroxide-containing Accel disinfectant wipes.
Topics: Blood Chemical Analysis; Blood Glucose; Disinfectants; Disinfection; Humans; Hydrogen Peroxide; Oxidoreductases
PubMed: 22226263
DOI: 10.1177/193229681100500617 -
Journal of Diabetes Science and... Jul 2012Most manufacturers of blood glucose monitoring equipment do not give advice regarding the use of their meters and strips onboard aircraft, and some airlines have blood... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
BACKGROUND
Most manufacturers of blood glucose monitoring equipment do not give advice regarding the use of their meters and strips onboard aircraft, and some airlines have blood glucose testing equipment in the aircraft cabin medical bag. Previous studies using older blood glucose meters (BGMs) have shown conflicting results on the performance of both glucose oxidase (GOX)- and glucose dehydrogenase (GDH)-based meters at high altitude. The aim of our study was to evaluate the performance of four new-generation BGMs at sea level and at a simulated altitude equivalent to that used in the cabin of commercial aircrafts.
METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS
Blood glucose measurements obtained by two GDH and two GOX BGMs at sea level and simulated altitude of 8000 feet in a hypobaric chamber were compared with measurements obtained using a YSI 2300 blood glucose analyzer as a reference method. Spiked venous blood samples of three different glucose levels were used. The accuracy of each meter was determined by calculating percentage error of each meter compared with the YSI reference and was also assessed against standard International Organization for Standardization (ISO) criteria. Clinical accuracy was evaluated using the consensus error grid method. The percentage (standard deviation) error for GDH meters at sea level and altitude was 13.36% (8.83%; for meter 1) and 12.97% (8.03%; for meter 2) with p = .784, and for GOX meters was 5.88% (7.35%; for meter 3) and 7.38% (6.20%; for meter 4) with p = .187. There was variation in the number of time individual meters met the standard ISO criteria ranging from 72-100%. Results from all four meters at both sea level and simulated altitude fell within zones A and B of the consensus error grid, using YSI as the reference.
CONCLUSIONS
Overall, at simulated altitude, no differences were observed between the performance of GDH and GOX meters. Overestimation of blood glucose concentration was seen among individual meters evaluated, but none of the results obtained would have resulted in dangerous failure to detect and treat blood glucose errors or in giving treatment that was actually contradictory to that required.
Topics: Aircraft; Altitude; Atmospheric Pressure; Blood Glucose; Blood Glucose Self-Monitoring; Computer Simulation; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Efficiency; Equipment Design; Humans; Reference Standards; Travel
PubMed: 22920813
DOI: 10.1177/193229681200600418 -
Journal of Pediatric Surgery Feb 1991This investigation aims at providing simpler methods for reading esophageal extended pH-metering tracings. Because the currently used parameters only quantify frequency...
This investigation aims at providing simpler methods for reading esophageal extended pH-metering tracings. Because the currently used parameters only quantify frequency and duration of acid exposure, we have measured the area between the pH curve and the pH 4 line (area under curve [AUC]) in an attempt to include in the evaluation the severity of acid exposure as well. We compared 20 control and 63 children with gastroesophageal reflux (GER). Extended pH metering curves were read according to currently accepted methods. In addition, we measured planimetrically total 24-hour AUC, AUC during daytime, AUC during sleep time, and total AUC excluding 2-hour postprandial periods. In spite of the very significant differences found between means of controls and GER patients for all variables considered, values overlapped widely. Receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) analysis indicated the best threshold values for differentiation of controls and GER patients and tested the diagnostic efficiency for each variable. We found that 24-hour AUC was the best comprehensive value (sensitivity = 1, specificity = 1) and that there was probably no use for fractional evaluation during selected periods of time. The optimum 24-hour AUC threshold value in the present conditions of measurement (paper speed, 0.25 cm/min; 1 pH unit, 2.5 cm) was 20 cm2. In order to facilitate comparison we propose using a pH-surface unit (pHSU) equal to recording speed (in cm/min) multiplied by vertical shift per 1 pH unit (in centimeters) (in this case, 0.25 x 2.5 = 0.625 cm2). A threshold value of 20 cm2 thus becomes 32 pHSU. A similar transformation will be adequate for any other recording conditions.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Topics: Bayes Theorem; Child; Child, Preschool; Esophagus; Gastroesophageal Reflux; Humans; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Infant; Mathematics; Monitoring, Physiologic; Sensitivity and Specificity
PubMed: 2023074
DOI: 10.1016/0022-3468(91)90899-5 -
Developmental Psychology Jan 2010Infants prefer native structures such as familiar faces and languages. Music is a universal human activity containing structures that vary cross-culturally. For example,... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
Infants prefer native structures such as familiar faces and languages. Music is a universal human activity containing structures that vary cross-culturally. For example, Western music has temporally regular metric structures, whereas music of the Balkans (e.g., Bulgaria, Macedonia, Turkey) can have both regular and irregular structures. We presented 4- to 8-month-old American and Turkish infants with contrasting melodies to determine whether cultural background would influence their preferences for musical meter. In Experiment 1, American infants preferred Western over Balkan meter, whereas Turkish infants, who were familiar with both Western and Balkan meters, exhibited no preference. Experiments 2 and 3 presented infants with either a Western or Balkan meter paired with an arbitrary rhythm with complex ratios not common to any musical culture. Both Turkish and American infants preferred Western and Balkan meter to an arbitrary meter. Infants' musical preferences appear to be driven by culture-specific experience and a culture-general preference for simplicity.
Topics: Acoustic Stimulation; Age Factors; Americas; Child Development; Clinical Laboratory Techniques; Cross-Cultural Comparison; Female; Humans; Infant; Male; Music; Pitch Discrimination; Reaction Time; Recognition, Psychology; Time Factors; Turkey
PubMed: 20053025
DOI: 10.1037/a0017555 -
Journal of Fish Biology Jul 2019Many fishes, both freshwater or marine, have colour vision that may outperform humans. As a result, to understand the behavioural tasks that vision enables; including... (Review)
Review
Many fishes, both freshwater or marine, have colour vision that may outperform humans. As a result, to understand the behavioural tasks that vision enables; including mate choice, feeding, agonistic behaviour and camouflage, we need to see the world through a fish's eye. This includes quantifying the variable light environment underwater and its various influences on vision. As well as rapid loss of light with depth, light attenuation underwater limits visual interaction to metres at most and in many instances, less than a metre. We also need to characterize visual sensitivities, fish colours and behaviours relative to both these factors. An increasingly large set of techniques over the past few years, including improved photography, submersible spectrophotometers and genetic sequencing, have taken us from intelligent guesswork to something closer to sensible hypotheses. This contribution to the special edition on the Ecology of Fish Senses under a shifting environment first reviews our knowledge of fish colour vision and visual ecology, past, present and very recent, and then goes on to examine how climate change may impinge on fish visual capability. The review is limited to mostly colour vision and to mostly reef fishes. This ignores a large body of work, both from other marine environments and freshwater systems, but the reef contains examples of many of the challenges to vision from the aquatic environment. It is also a concentrate of life, perhaps the most specious and complex on earth, suffering now catastrophically from the consequences of our lack of action on climate change. A clear course of action to prevent destruction of this habitat is the need to spend more time in it, in the study of it and sharing it with those not fortunate enough to see coral reefs first-hand. Sir David Attenborough on The Great Barrier Reef: "Do we really care so little about the Earth upon which we live that we don't wish to protect one of its greatest wonders from the consequences of our behaviours?"
Topics: Animal Communication; Animals; Biological Mimicry; Climate Change; Color; Color Vision; Coral Reefs; Ecosystem; Fishes
PubMed: 30357835
DOI: 10.1111/jfb.13849 -
Archives of Oral Biology 1991Developing enamel was stained with pH indicators and a banded colour pattern exhibiting alternate acidic (5.8-6.0) and neutral (7.0-7.2) staining was clearly visualized....
Developing enamel was stained with pH indicators and a banded colour pattern exhibiting alternate acidic (5.8-6.0) and neutral (7.0-7.2) staining was clearly visualized. The pH values of the enamel samples scraped from respective bands were confirmed by measuring them in suspensions with a pH meter. Neutral bands corresponded to red stripes of glyoxal bis(2-hydroxyanil) staining and acidic bands to unstained ones, suggested a correlation of the acidic and neutral stripes with the zones of ruffle-ended and smooth-ended ameloblasts.
Topics: Amelogenesis; Aminophenols; Animals; Azo Compounds; Bromthymol Blue; Cattle; Coloring Agents; Dental Enamel; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Indicators and Reagents
PubMed: 1877895
DOI: 10.1016/0003-9969(91)90090-h -
Clinical evaluation of an acetaminophen meter for the rapid diagnosis of acetaminophen intoxication.Annals of Emergency Medicine Oct 1990To test the accuracy of a newly developed meter that determines serum acetaminophen concentration after a 30-second analysis of one drop of whole blood. (Clinical Trial)
Clinical Trial
STUDY OBJECTIVES
To test the accuracy of a newly developed meter that determines serum acetaminophen concentration after a 30-second analysis of one drop of whole blood.
DESIGN
Sixty-six blood samples from patients with known or suspected drug overdose were analyzed for the presence of acetaminophen. In all cases determination of serum acetaminophen concentration was performed simultaneously with the meter and by a reference laboratory.
SETTING
Eligible patients were those who presented during a nine-month period to the emergency departments of two tertiary care hospitals (including a pediatric hospital).
RESULTS
Thirty-one specimens had a laboratory-confirmed detectable acetaminophen concentration. The meter identified these toxic specimens in all cases; there were no false-negatives (sensitivity, 100%). Among the 35 specimens not containing acetaminophen, the meter invariably confirmed a nondetectable serum acetaminophen concentration (specificity, 100%). Acetaminophen measurements by the meter correlated strongly with laboratory determinations (r = .985, P less than .001). Repeated testing of one specimen documented the precision and reproducibility of the meter's analysis; mean coefficient of variation was .08 in measuring toxic acetaminophen concentrations. Drug coingestion had no significant effect on the accuracy of the meter. Instrument accuracy was maintained after more than 100 uses without recalibration.
CONCLUSIONS
This meter identifies the possibility of rapid and accurate determinations of serum acetaminophen concentration. The instrument is ideally suited for patients with acetaminophen poisoning in whom expeditious and appropriate administration of antidotal therapy is desired.
Topics: Acetaminophen; Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Child; Child, Preschool; Clinical Laboratory Techniques; Emergencies; Equipment Design; Evaluation Studies as Topic; Humans; Middle Aged; Poisoning
PubMed: 2221519
DOI: 10.1016/s0196-0644(05)81517-3 -
Research in Veterinary Science Apr 2001Experiments for treatment of contaminated broiler litter with citric, tartaric and salicylic acids were performed. At days 2 and 6 after the treatment, pH values (using...
Experiments for treatment of contaminated broiler litter with citric, tartaric and salicylic acids were performed. At days 2 and 6 after the treatment, pH values (using a pH-meter), the ammonia concentrations (titration with 0.1 N HCl) and the microbial cells counts were determined in both experimental and control specimens of litter. The cost of acidification of litter was also determined. Our studies showed that the treatment of the contaminated litter with 5 per cent citric acid, 4 per cent tartaric acid and 1.5 per cent salicylic acid created an acid medium with pH under 5.0 and thus reduced the microbial counts to 2.2 x 10(3)colony forming units per gram manure litter. The treatment reduced the content of ammonia in the litter and in the air under the hygienic limits, i.e. 25-50 ppm. The cost of acidification of litter with these organic acids amounted to 0.1 $ per bird and 1.5 $ per 15 birds on one square metre in a growth period of 50 days.
Topics: Ammonia; Animal Husbandry; Animals; Carboxylic Acids; Chickens; Citric Acid; Colony Count, Microbial; Escherichia coli; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Manure; Salicylic Acid; Salmonella enteritidis; Tartrates
PubMed: 11356097
DOI: 10.1053/rvsc.2001.0454