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Psychological Research Apr 2023The ability to learn and reproduce sequences is fundamental to every-day life, and deficits in sequential learning are associated with developmental disorders such as...
The ability to learn and reproduce sequences is fundamental to every-day life, and deficits in sequential learning are associated with developmental disorders such as specific language impairment. Individual differences in sequential learning are usually investigated using the serial reaction time task (SRTT), wherein a participant responds to a series of regularly timed, seemingly random visual cues that in fact follow a repeating deterministic structure. Although manipulating inter-cue interval timing has been shown to adversely affect sequential learning, the role of metre (the patterning of salience across time) remains unexplored within the regularly timed, visual SRTT. The current experiment consists of an SRTT adapted to include task-irrelevant auditory rhythms conferring a sense of metre. We predicted that (1) participants' (n = 41) reaction times would reflect the auditory metric structure; (2) that disrupting the correspondence between the learned visual sequence and auditory metre would impede performance; and (3) that individual differences in sensitivity to rhythm would predict the magnitude of these effects. Altering the relationship via a phase shift between the trained visual sequence and auditory metre slowed reaction times. Sensitivity to rhythm was predictive of reaction times over all. In an exploratory analysis, we, moreover, found that approximately half of participants made systematically different responses to visual cues on the basis of the cues' position within the auditory metre. We demonstrate the influence of auditory temporal structures on visuomotor sequential learning in a widely used task where metre and timing are rarely considered. The current results indicate sensitivity to metre as a possible latent factor underpinning individual differences in SRTT performance.
Topics: Humans; Psychomotor Performance; Learning; Reaction Time; Task Performance and Analysis; Cues; Serial Learning
PubMed: 35690927
DOI: 10.1007/s00426-022-01690-y -
Archives of Pathology & Laboratory... Apr 2000To determine pH effects on glucose measurements obtained with the latest generation of glucose devices, to quantitate changes in glucose measurements obtained over a... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
OBJECTIVES
To determine pH effects on glucose measurements obtained with the latest generation of glucose devices, to quantitate changes in glucose measurements obtained over a wide pH range, and to assess the potential clinical risks of pH effects with use of point-of-care glucose testing.
DESIGN
Paired differences of glucose measurements between pH-altered and parallel control samples with target pH 7.40 were calculated.
SETTING
A pH range of 6.94 to 7.84 was used to evaluate pH effects on glucose measurements in vitro with 6 handheld glucose meters and a portable glucose analyzer at both normal, 4.81 mmol/L (86.6 mg/dL), and high, 11.16 mmol/L (201 mg/dL), glucose levels.
MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES
Glucose measurements obtained from test samples and control samples were compared by calculating paired differences, which were plotted against pH to show pH effects on glucose meter measurements.
RESULTS
At the normal glucose level, different pH levels did not interfere significantly with glucose measurements. At the high glucose level, a trend whereby low pH decreased and high pH increased glucose measurements was observed on the Precision G and the Precision QID glucose meters.
CONCLUSION
Because of potential risk in diabetic patients with ketoacidosis and in other patients with acid-base disorders, we recommend that clinicians choose glucose devices carefully and interpret the measurements cautiously when point-of-care glucose testing is performed in critically ill patients with acidemia, alkalemia, or changing acid-base status.
Topics: Blood Chemical Analysis; Blood Gas Analysis; Blood Glucose; Electrolytes; Hematocrit; Humans; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Monitoring, Physiologic; Reproducibility of Results
PubMed: 10747316
DOI: 10.5858/2000-124-0577-EOPOGM -
The Journal of Sports Medicine and... Sep 2018The walking speed maintained during a moderate 1-km treadmill walk (1k-TWT) has been demonstrated to be a valid tool for estimating peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak), and to...
BACKGROUND
The walking speed maintained during a moderate 1-km treadmill walk (1k-TWT) has been demonstrated to be a valid tool for estimating peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak), and to be inversely related to long-term survival and hospitalization in outpatients with cardiovascular disease (CVD). We aimed to examine whether 500-meters and 1-k moderate treadmill-walking tests equally estimate VO2peak in male outpatients with CVD.
METHODS
One hundred forty-two clinically stable male outpatients with CVD, aged 34-92 years, referred to an exercise-based secondary prevention program, performed a moderate and perceptually-regulated (11-13/20 on the Borg Scale) 1k-TWT. Age, height, weight, time to walk 500-meter and the entire 1000-meter, and the corresponding heart rates were entered into validated equations to estimate VO2peak.
RESULTS
VO2peak estimated from the 500-meters test was not different from that estimated from the 1k test (25.2±5.1 vs. 25.1±5.2 mL/kg/min). The correlation coefficient between the two was 0.98. The slope and the intercept of the relationship between the 500-meter and 1k tests were not different from the line of identity. Bland-Altman analysis demonstrated that 96% of the data points were within two standard deviations (from -1.9 to 1.7 mL/kg/min).
CONCLUSIONS
The 500-meter treadmill-walking test is a reliable method for estimating VO2peak in stable male outpatients with CVD. A shorter version of the test, 500-meter, provides similar information as that from the original 1k test, but is more time efficient. These findings have practical implications in the context of transitioning patients from clinically based and supervised programs to fitness facilities or self-guided exercise programs.
Topics: Aged; Cardiac Rehabilitation; Cardiorespiratory Fitness; Exercise Test; Heart Rate; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Oxygen Consumption; Walking
PubMed: 28967238
DOI: 10.23736/S0022-4707.17.07525-9 -
Gait & Posture Jan 2021Power output considers all movement aspects of the game of football and could have meaningful impact for teams.
BACKGROUND
Power output considers all movement aspects of the game of football and could have meaningful impact for teams.
PURPOSE & METHODS
To assess inter-reliability of ten power meters designed for running; and as a descriptor of individual and team performance during a five-a-side football match. The work aimed to assess inter-device reliability of running power-meters combined with data analysis from intermittent running, along with descriptives of player work rate, gait and team performance during a small-sided game of football.
METHODS
10 different running power meters inter-reliability were on a treadmill at 8, 10, 12, and 16 km h for 60 s in a random order. Football players (N = 10) performed the Yo-Yo ET1 with the running power meters to determine participants' endurance capability, while assessing the ability to record metrics of gait and power output during intermittent running. Following a period of 7-days participants took part in a 20 min small-sided game of football wearing the running power meters to provide descriptors of work and gait.
RESULTS
Good inter-device reliability for the power meters (CV 1.67, range 1.51-1.94 %) during continuous treadmill running were found. Overall mean ± SD results for Yo-Yo ET1 power output 263 ± 36W, power:weight 3.59 ± 0.34W∙kg significantly (p < 0.05) increased with successive stages, while ground-contact time 234 ± 17 ms, and vertical oscillation 90.7 ± 27 mm did not change (p > 0.05). Descriptive analysis of the small-sided game presented mean ± SD absolute and relative power outputs of 148 ± 44W and 1.98 ± 0.53W∙kg, equating to 54 ± 21 %W and 74 ± 5%HR. Characteristics of gait included cadence 125 ± 22 rpm, ground contact time 266 ± 19 ms, and vertical oscillation 76.7 ± 7 mm. The winning team worked relatively harder than the losing team (53.3 ± 0.7 %W vs 46.7 ± 0.4 %W, p < 0.0001) with more time (398 s vs 141 s) spent above 70 %W.
SIGNIFICANCE
As such, the use of a running power-meter is a useful tool for comparing work rate and aspects of gait between team members while more research is required to investigate relative work rate (%W) within the field.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Athletic Performance; Exercise Test; Football; Humans; Male; Reproducibility of Results; Running; Young Adult
PubMed: 33069127
DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2020.09.028 -
Nursing in Critical Care Sep 2022The measurement of blood glucose in critically ill patients is still performed in many ICUs with glucose meters and capillary samples. Several prevalent factors in these...
BACKGROUND
The measurement of blood glucose in critically ill patients is still performed in many ICUs with glucose meters and capillary samples. Several prevalent factors in these patients affect the accuracy of the results and should be interpreted with caution. A weak recommendation from the Surviving Sepsis Campaign (SSC) suggests the use of arterial blood rather than capillary blood for point of care testing using glucose meters.
AIMS AND OBJECTIVES
To analyse the agreement between arterial, central venous, and capillary blood samples of glucose values measured by glucose meter in critically ill patients and study potential confounding factors.
DESIGN
Prospective cross-sectional study in a general intensive care unit (ICU). Patients needing insulin treatment (subcutaneous or intravenous) and blood glucose control were included.
METHODS
Standardized collection of blood samples and measurement of glucose values with a glucometer. Agreement was studied by the Bland-Altman method and stratified analysis of disagreement-survival plots was used to study the influence of haematocrit, pH range, SOFA score, capillary refilling time, intravenous insulin infusion, and lactic acid.
RESULTS
A total of 297 measurements from 54 patients were included. The mean arterial blood glucose was 150.42 (range 31-345 mg/dL). In the graphical analysis, there is a poor agreement both in capillary and venous central to arterial samples, but in opposite direction (underestimation of capillary and overestimation of central venous). Factors associated with a reduction in the agreement between arterial and capillary samples were elevated lactate, poor capillary refilling, and hemodynamic failure. Patients without hemodynamic compromise have an acceptable agreement with values for absolute differences of 16 mg/dL for a disagreement of 10%.
CONCLUSIONS
In critically ill patients, the measurement of blood glucose with a glucose meter should be performed with arterial samples whenever possible. Capillary samples do not accurately estimate arterial blood glucose values in patients with shock and/or vasoactive drugs and underestimate the values in the range of hypoglycemia. Venous samples are subject to error because of potential contamination.
RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE
This study adds support to the recommendation of using arterial blood rather than capillary or venous blood when using glucose meters in critically ill patients, especially in those with hemodynamic failure.
Topics: Adult; Blood Glucose; Critical Illness; Cross-Sectional Studies; Glucose; Humans; Insulin; Point-of-Care Systems; Prospective Studies
PubMed: 33848047
DOI: 10.1111/nicc.12622 -
Journal of Diabetes Science and... Sep 2012Glucose meter performance is commonly measured in several different ways, including the relative bias and coefficient of variation (CV), the total error, the mean...
BACKGROUND
Glucose meter performance is commonly measured in several different ways, including the relative bias and coefficient of variation (CV), the total error, the mean absolute relative deviation (MARD), and the size of the interval around the reference value that would be necessary to contain a meter measurement at a specified probability. This fourth measure is commonly expressed as a proportion of the reference value and will be referred to as the necessary relative deviation. A deeper understanding of the relationships between these measures may aid health care providers, patients, and regulators in comparing meter performances when different measures are used.
METHODS
The relationships between common measures of glucose meter performance were derived mathematically.
RESULTS
Equations are presented for calculating the total error, MARD, and necessary relative deviation using the reference value, relative bias, and CV when glucose meter measurements are normally distributed. When measurements are also unbiased, the CV, total error, MARD, and necessary relative deviation are linearly related and are therefore equivalent measures of meter performance.
CONCLUSIONS
The relative bias and CV provide more information about meter performance than the other measures considered but may be difficult for some audiences to interpret. Reporting meter performance in multiple ways may facilitate the informed selection of blood glucose meters.
Topics: Blood Glucose; Blood Glucose Self-Monitoring; Diabetes Mellitus; Efficiency; Equipment and Supplies; Humans; Models, Theoretical; Reference Values; Reproducibility of Results; Research Design
PubMed: 23063034
DOI: 10.1177/193229681200600512 -
Journal of Diabetes Science and... May 2019Hematocrit is known to influence glucose values obtained on some blood glucose meters, with bias observed especially at low and high hematocrit levels. We evaluated the... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
Comparative Accuracy Evaluation of a Blood Glucose Meter With Novel Hematocrit Correction Technology, With Three Currently Used Commercially Available Blood Glucose Monitoring Systems.
Hematocrit is known to influence glucose values obtained on some blood glucose meters, with bias observed especially at low and high hematocrit levels. We evaluated the performance of a meter with hematocrit correction technology alongside 3 other commercially available meters. Capillary blood samples from 100 subjects were analyzed in duplicate and compared to the plasma values obtained by reference laboratory analyzer. Bias, error grid, and sensitivity to hematocrit analyses were performed for each meter. Average percentage bias was similar for all meters, however the evaluated meter performed best with respect to error grid analysis, with 100% of values falling within the "no effect on clinical action" and "no risk" categories and did not display any hematocrit associated bias.
Topics: Artifacts; Blood Glucose; Blood Glucose Self-Monitoring; Commerce; Diabetes Mellitus; Hematocrit; Humans; Reference Standards; Reproducibility of Results; Research Design; Sensitivity and Specificity; United Kingdom
PubMed: 30623673
DOI: 10.1177/1932296818821389 -
Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) Nov 2020Mechanical power may act as a key indicator for physiological and mechanical changes during running. In this scoping review, we examine the current evidences about the... (Review)
Review
Mechanical power may act as a key indicator for physiological and mechanical changes during running. In this scoping review, we examine the current evidences about the use of power output (PW) during endurance running and the different commercially available wearable sensors to assess PW. The Boolean phrases endurance OR submaximal NOT sprint AND running OR runner AND power OR power meter, were searched in PubMed, MEDLINE, and SCOPUS. Nineteen studies were finally selected for analysis. The current evidence about critical power and both power-time and power-duration relationships in running allow to provide coaches and practitioners a new promising setting for PW quantification with the use of wearable sensors. Some studies have assessed the validity and reliability of different available wearables for both kinematics parameters and PW when running but running power meters need further research before a definitive conclusion regarding its validity and reliability.
Topics: Biomechanical Phenomena; Humans; Physical Endurance; Reproducibility of Results; Running
PubMed: 33202809
DOI: 10.3390/s20226482 -
Neurosurgery Jun 1993An on-line pH meter that can be mounted in microdialysis systems is described. The pH monitoring system was tested in rat cortex before and after middle cerebral artery...
An on-line pH meter that can be mounted in microdialysis systems is described. The pH monitoring system was tested in rat cortex before and after middle cerebral artery occlusion (focal ischemia model). After probe implantation, pH values in the dialysate quickly reached a stable level that depended on perfusion medium (6.72, Ringer; 6.47, 0.9% saline) and flow rate (2 microliters/min). During ischemia, pH values sank rapidly and significantly, whereas lactic and ascorbic acid levels in the dialysate increased 9- to 12-fold. The pH of the dialysate is lower than that of the extracellular fluid because the relative recovery of carbon dioxide is about twice that of bicarbonate at the flow rate used, as shown in in vitro experiments. The pH meter would provide useful additional information during monitoring for ischemia, not only in experimental situations but also during neurosurgical intensive care. In the latter case, the on-line pH value would be a bedside parameter enabling fast feedback for setting analytical priorities and making therapeutical decisions.
Topics: Acid-Base Equilibrium; Animals; Brain Ischemia; Carbon Dioxide; Cerebral Cortex; Cerebral Infarction; Dialysis; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Male; Monitoring, Physiologic; Online Systems; Oxygen; Rats; Rats, Inbred SHR
PubMed: 8327073
DOI: 10.1227/00006123-199306000-00020 -
Journal of Diabetes Science and... Mar 2020Accurate self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG) is a key component of effective self-management of glycemic control. (Clinical Trial)
Clinical Trial
BACKGROUND
Accurate self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG) is a key component of effective self-management of glycemic control.
METHODS
The OneTouch Verio Reflect and OneTouch Ultra Plus Reflect BG monitoring systems were evaluated for accuracy in a clinical setting. Subjects also used the meters for a one-week trial period and reported their level of satisfaction with meter features.
RESULTS
Both systems were accurate over a wide glucose range and met lay user and system accuracy BG standards described in ISO15197:2015. Subjects felt that the features of a meter with a dynamic color range indicator and personalized guidance, insight, and encouragement could provide significant benefits to them in the management of their diabetes.
CONCLUSIONS
Both meter systems were accurate over a wide glucose range and the features of the meter and messages were well received by patients in a short take-home trial.
CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION
Clinicaltrials.gov NCT0351542.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Blood Glucose; Blood Glucose Self-Monitoring; Data Accuracy; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Female; Glycemic Control; Guidelines as Topic; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Motivation; Patient Participation; Patient Satisfaction; Precision Medicine; Reproducibility of Results; Text Messaging; Wireless Technology; Young Adult
PubMed: 31375031
DOI: 10.1177/1932296819867396