-
Pain Practice : the Official Journal of... Mar 2014Pain is a subjective experience influenced by multiple factors, and tremendous variety within individuals is present. To evaluate emotional state of pain,...
BACKGROUND
Pain is a subjective experience influenced by multiple factors, and tremendous variety within individuals is present. To evaluate emotional state of pain, catastrophizing score can be used. This study investigated pain catastrophizing ratings in association with experimental pain perception.
METHOD
Experimental pain was induced using thermal heat and cold stimulation of skin, mechanical stimulation of muscle and bone, and thermal, mechanical, and electrical stimulation of the gastrointestinal tract in healthy participants (N = 41). Prior to experimental sessions, a pain catastrophizing questionnaire was filled out by each participant.
RESULTS
Based on the median catastophizing score, participants were divided into two groups: noncatastrophizers and low-catastrophizers. No significant difference was found between low-catastrophizers and noncatastrophizers in thermal heat stimulation of skin, mechanical stimulation of muscle and bone, and rectal electrical stimulation (All P > 0.05). Low-catastrophizers were more sensitive to visceral thermal stimulation (4.7%, P = 0.02) and visceral mechanical stimulation (29.7%, P = 0.03). For participants that completed the 120 seconds ice water stimulation, noncatastrophizers reported 13.8% less pain than low-catastrophizers (P = 0.02). A positive correlation between PCS score and pain perception on cold pressor test was found (r = 0.4, P = 0.02). By extrapolating data, further analysis of the total group was performed and no differences (both P > 0.05) were observed.
CONCLUSION
Even small increments in pain catastrophizing score can influence pain perception to deep and tonic stimulations. Catatrophizing may partly explain the variability found in experimental pain studies.
Topics: Adult; Anxiety; Catastrophization; Female; Humans; Male; Pain; Pain Measurement; Pain Perception; Surveys and Questionnaires; Young Adult
PubMed: 24219590
DOI: 10.1111/papr.12150 -
Critical Reviews in Biomedical... 2016Pain is a multifaceted and malleable sensory experience that is processed at all levels of the central nervous system (CNS). The experience of pain can vary widely... (Review)
Review
Pain is a multifaceted and malleable sensory experience that is processed at all levels of the central nervous system (CNS). The experience of pain can vary widely across a healthy population and even within an individual and can be influenced by cognitive factors such as attention, expectation, suggestion, and attitudes. The neurophysiological role of attention in cognitive modulation of pain is the focus for the work presented in this review. Behavioral studies show that pain perception was reduced under cognitive loads that placed a continuous demand on executive functions such as working memory. Neuroimaging, pharmacological studies, and electrophysiological studies provide evidence that the underpinnings of cognitive modulation of pain involve a network of descending modulation of pain among cortical and brainstem structures. However, the role and relationship of subcortical regions in the brainstem and spinal cord during cognitive modulation of pain are not well understood. This review examines the neurophysiology of pain, processing in the CNS, and how cognitive factors such as attention can modulate nociceptive signaling and alter the perception of pain, especially at the subcortical level.
Topics: Attention; Brain Stem; Cervical Vertebrae; Cognition; Executive Function; Humans; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Pain Perception; Spinal Cord
PubMed: 27652450
DOI: 10.1615/CritRevBiomedEng.2016016540 -
Sleep Medicine Feb 2015
Topics: Adult; Case-Control Studies; Female; Humans; Male; Narcolepsy; Pain Measurement; Pain Perception; Pain Threshold
PubMed: 25600782
DOI: 10.1016/j.sleep.2014.09.018 -
Sports Health 2021Pain is a characteristic, unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage. Pain is a subjective sensation, modulated by...
BACKGROUND
Pain is a characteristic, unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage. Pain is a subjective sensation, modulated by many factors such as age, sex, emotional state, national origin, or physical activity. Moreover, it is closely associated with intense physical activity, injuries, and traumas, which can significantly modulate pain tolerance.
HYPOTHESIS
We postulate that there are correlations between past injuries, physical activity, and intensity of pain perception (pain threshold and pain tolerance) in a population of healthy men and women.
STUDY DESIGN
Retrospective cohort study.
LEVEL OF EVIDENCE
Level 4.
METHODS
A total of 302 participants aged 18 to 32 years were included. The participants were divided into 2 groups (active and inactive individuals), in accordance with the scope of physical activity they had indicated. The test of pressure pain threshold and pressure pain tolerance was performed using an algometer.
RESULTS
Active women achieved significantly higher pain threshold and pain tolerance values in all measurements on the upper limb (except for the pain threshold on the left hand) compared with inactive women. In mediation analysis, the effect of injury remained significant only for the pressure pain tolerance in the dominant arm and the left hand in the female group. In the case of men, there were no significant differences in all measurements in view of the threshold and tolerance for pain between the groups of active and inactive and between men with injuries and without injuries.
CONCLUSION
Intense, regular physical activity is a factor modulating the perception of pain. This was demonstrated as lowered sensitivity to pain stimuli in a population of healthy women.
CLINICAL RELEVANCE
Injuries should be treated as an important factor modulating the perception of pain. We recommend detailed monitoring of injuries during treatment and control of pain sensation.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Athletic Injuries; Exercise; Female; Humans; Male; Pain Perception; Pain Threshold; Retrospective Studies; Sex Factors; Upper Extremity; Young Adult
PubMed: 33320785
DOI: 10.1177/1941738120953165 -
The American Journal of Emergency... Nov 2021Altered pain perception among patients with schizophrenia is often underrecognized in the medical community. The cause is not known, and medical professionals are not...
Altered pain perception among patients with schizophrenia is often underrecognized in the medical community. The cause is not known, and medical professionals are not sure whether these patients experience less pain or are simply unable to express it. There are documented cases of patients with schizophrenia presenting to hospital settings with serious injuries without obvious (expected) pain. Research into the underlying cause(s) is underway; meanwhile, ensuring awareness of this issue among medical providers is of upmost importance. We report a case of a patient with schizophrenia who presented voluntarily to the emergency department (ED) with a hand fracture that went unrecognized in the ED and further discuss the implications of reduced pain perception. Additionally, we summarize existing hypotheses regarding the source of this reduced pain perception in this population.
Topics: Adult; Fractures, Bone; Hand Injuries; Humans; Male; Pain Perception; Radiography; Schizophrenia
PubMed: 33965278
DOI: 10.1016/j.ajem.2021.04.080 -
Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) Mar 2020Variability in individual pain sensitivity is a major problem in pain assessment. There have been studies reported using pain-event related potential (pain-ERP) for...
Variability in individual pain sensitivity is a major problem in pain assessment. There have been studies reported using pain-event related potential (pain-ERP) for evaluating pain perception. However, none of them has achieved high accuracy in estimating multiple pain perception levels. A major reason lies in the lack of investigation of feature extraction. The goal of this study is to assess four different pain perception levels through classification of pain-ERP, elicited by transcutaneous electrical stimulation on healthy subjects. Nonlinear methods: Higuchi's fractal dimension, Grassberger-Procaccia correlation dimension, with auto-correlation, and moving variance functions were introduced into the feature extraction. Fisher score was used to select the most discriminative channels and features. As a result, the correlation dimension with a moving variance without channel selection achieved the best accuracies of 100% for both the two-level and the three-level classification but degraded to 75% for the four-level classification. The best combined feature group is the variance-based one, which achieved accuracy of 87.5% and 100% for the four-level and three-level classification, respectively. Moreover, the features extracted from less than 20 trials could not achieve sensible accuracy, which makes it difficult for an instantaneous pain perception levels evaluation. These results show strong evidence on the possibility of objective pain assessment using nonlinear feature-based classification of pain-ERP.
Topics: Adult; Electric Stimulation; Electroencephalography; Evoked Potentials; Female; Fractals; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Nonlinear Dynamics; Pain; Pain Perception; Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted; Young Adult
PubMed: 32182766
DOI: 10.3390/s20051491 -
Nature Reviews. Neuroscience Aug 2021The sensory, associative and limbic neocortical structures play a critical role in shaping incoming noxious inputs to generate variable pain perceptions. Technological... (Review)
Review
The sensory, associative and limbic neocortical structures play a critical role in shaping incoming noxious inputs to generate variable pain perceptions. Technological advances in tracing circuitry and interrogation of pathways and complex behaviours are now yielding critical knowledge of neocortical circuits, cellular contributions and causal relationships between pain perception and its abnormalities in chronic pain. Emerging insights into neocortical pain processing suggest the existence of neocortical causality and specificity for pain at the level of subdomains, circuits and cellular entities and the activity patterns they encode. These mechanisms provide opportunities for therapeutic intervention for improved pain management.
Topics: Analgesia; Animals; Humans; Neocortex; Neural Pathways; Pain; Pain Management; Pain Perception
PubMed: 34127843
DOI: 10.1038/s41583-021-00468-2 -
Brain and Nerve = Shinkei Kenkyu No... Sep 2011Electrophysiological studies involving techniques such as magnetoencephalography (MEG) and hemodynamic studies involving techniques such as functional magnetic resonance... (Review)
Review
Electrophysiological studies involving techniques such as magnetoencephalography (MEG) and hemodynamic studies involving techniques such as functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) have recently been intensively used to elucidate the mechanisms underlying pain and itch perception in humans. The MEG results obtained after A-delta fiber (first pain) and C fiber (second pain) stimulation were similar, except for longer latency in the case of C fibers. Initially, the primary somatosensory cortex (SI) contralateral to the stimulation is activated, and the secondary somatosensory cortex (SII), insula, amygdala, and anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) in both hemispheres are then activated sequentially. The fMRI findings obtained after the stimulation of C fibers and those obtained after the stimulation of A-delta fibers both showed activation of the bilateral thalamus, bilateral SII, right (ipsilateral) middle insula, and bilateral Brodmann's area (BA) 24/32, with most of the activity being detected in the posterior region of the ACC. However, the magnitude of activity in the anterior insula on both sides and in BA 32/8/6, including the ACC and pre-supplementary motor area (pre-SMA), after the stimulation of C nociceptors was significantly stronger than that after the stimulation of A-delta nociceptors. We have recently developed a new stimulation electrode that causes an itching sensation via electrical stimulation applied to skin. The conduction velocity (CV) of the signals caused by this stimulation is approximately 1 m/sec in a range of CV of C fibers. The findings obtained after itch stimulation were similar to those obtained after pain stimulation, but the precuneus may be an itch-selective brain region. This unique finding was confirmed by both MEG and fMRI studies.
Topics: Cerebral Cortex; Humans; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Magnetoencephalography; Pain Perception; Pruritus
PubMed: 21878701
DOI: No ID Found -
Early Human Development Jul 2017It has not been established whether sex differences in pain perception are influenced by prenatal sex hormones. Digit ratio as an indicator of prenatal hormone exposure...
BACKGROUNDS
It has not been established whether sex differences in pain perception are influenced by prenatal sex hormones. Digit ratio as an indicator of prenatal hormone exposure can be used as a simple measure of the influence of prenatal hormones on pain sensitivity or perception in adulthood.
OBJECTIVE
The aim of this study was to determine a correlation between the 2D:4D ratio and pain perception in the postoperative period after rhinoplasty.
METHOD
A prospective cohort study of 100 patients (50 women of the mean age of 30.74±8.09years and 50 men of the mean age of 30.98±10.86years) who underwent posttraumatic rhinoplasty due to the nose trauma in Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery Clinic. The following measurements were taken the day before a surgery: body height, waist and hip circumference, II and IV digits' lengths and body weight. All subjects filled in a questionnaire including 0-10-point VAS scales to assess postoperative pain 1h after an operation (AO), 6h AO, 12h AO, 24h AO and 48h AO.
RESULTS
Women with low 2D:4D reported significantly more pain 1h after an operation than women with high 2D:4D. Similar correlation was observed for low 2D:4D in women 48h AO. In men, low 2D:4D was associated with lower postoperative pain 12h AO (p=0.029).
CONCLUSION
In conclusion, we showed that low 2D:4D in women was associated with high postoperative pain, and low right 2D:4D in men was associated with low postoperative pain. This may suggest that intrauterine estrogen exposure makes women more resistant to pain.
Topics: Adult; Female; Fingers; Humans; Male; Pain Perception; Pain, Postoperative; Rhinoplasty; Sex Factors
PubMed: 28499134
DOI: 10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2017.05.003 -
International Dental Journal Jun 2024This study evaluated the pain and discomfort associated with 3 diagnostic techniques for proximal carious lesions in children aged 5 to 8 years: bitewing (BW)...
BACKGROUND
This study evaluated the pain and discomfort associated with 3 diagnostic techniques for proximal carious lesions in children aged 5 to 8 years: bitewing (BW) radiographs, DIAGNOcam, and temporary teeth separation.
METHODS
The study included 60 healthy children between the ages of 5 and 8 years who had no prior history of dry mouth or mouth breathing, were definitely positive or positive based on Frankl Behavioral Rating Scale, had at least one pair of matched bilateral primary molars and/or permanent first molars in close contact with the adjacent tooth, and were free of restorations and frank cavitation. Each patient evaluated all 3 techniques. The pain and discomfort ratings were obtained by the Wong-Baker FACES Pain Rating Scale immediately after taking 2 standardised BW radiographs or undergoing use of DIAGNOcam and 2 days after temporary teeth separation with elastic separators by a single trained and experienced paediatric dentist.
RESULTS
The DIAGNOcam procedure resulted in much higher pain and discomfort (3.69 ± 3.10) than the other 2 diagnostic techniques. Within-participant pain and discomfort scored significantly higher with DIAGNOcam compared to BW radiographs (P < .001) and temporary teeth separation (P = .002).
CONCLUSIONS
The DIAGNOcam diagnostic technique caused much more pain and discomfort than BW radiographs and temporary teeth separation using orthodontic elastic separators. The report is part of a randomised clinical trial that was registered at www.
CLINICALTRIALS
gov under the identifier NCT03685058.
Topics: Humans; Child; Child, Preschool; Female; Male; Pain Measurement; Dental Caries; Pain Perception; Tooth, Deciduous; Molar
PubMed: 38216389
DOI: 10.1016/j.identj.2023.11.002