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Pediatric Neurology Sep 1995To clarify reflex profiles in the first year of life in connection with categories of neurologic abnormality, eight primitive reflexes (i.e., the palmar grasp reflex,...
To clarify reflex profiles in the first year of life in connection with categories of neurologic abnormality, eight primitive reflexes (i.e., the palmar grasp reflex, the plantar grasp reflex, the Galant response, the asymmetric tonic neck reflex, the suprapubic extensor reflex, the crossed extensor reflex, the Rossolimo reflex, and the heel reflex) were prospectively examined in 204 high-risk infants, of whom 58 developed cerebral palsy, 22 had developmental retardation, and 124 were normal at follow-up examination at 2 years of age. The change in the retention time of reflex activity for each of these reflexes was characteristic for each category or type of neurologic abnormality: retention of palmar grasp reflex, suprapubic extensor reflex, crossed extensor reflex, Rossolimo reflex, and heel reflex in spastic cerebral palsy, as well as retention of plantar grasp reflex, Galant reflex, and asymmetric tonic neck reflex in athetoid cerebral palsy and somewhat weaker retention of these reflexes in developmental retardation (statistical significance P < .001 compared with normally developed patients). These characteristic changes imply that a presumptive diagnosis can be made in neurologically high-risk infants by examination of the primitive reflexes, which are of specific significance among the other neurologic criteria within the first year of life.
Topics: Cerebral Palsy; Child, Preschool; Diagnosis, Differential; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Functional Laterality; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Intellectual Disability; Male; Neurologic Examination; Reflex, Abnormal; Risk Factors
PubMed: 8534280
DOI: 10.1016/0887-8994(95)00143-4 -
Journal of Anesthesia 2007Computed tomography (CT)-guided thoracic sympathetic blockade with ethanol was performed while monitoring sympathetic nerve activity, with an alternating current (AC)...
Computed tomography (CT)-guided thoracic sympathetic blockade with ethanol was performed while monitoring sympathetic nerve activity, with an alternating current (AC) galvanic skin reflex (GSR) monitor, in a patient with palmar hyperhidrosis in whom endoscopic thoracic sympathectomy was impossible because of pleural adhesion. Sweating was suppressed after the thoracic sympathetic blockade, and the monitor showed a significant increase in skin resistance. The effect of sympathetic blockade could be evaluated directly and in real time using a GSR monitor.
Topics: Galvanic Skin Response; Ganglia, Sympathetic; Hand; Humans; Hyperhidrosis; Male; Middle Aged; Radiography, Interventional; Skin Temperature; Sweating; Sympathectomy; Thoracic Surgery; Thoracic Vertebrae; Thromboangiitis Obliterans; Tomography, X-Ray Computed; Treatment Outcome
PubMed: 17680195
DOI: 10.1007/s00540-007-0517-y -
Neuropediatrics Dec 1997This review summarizes the temporal relations between selected psychological milestones in the first year of the human infant and theoretically relevant developmental... (Review)
Review
This review summarizes the temporal relations between selected psychological milestones in the first year of the human infant and theoretically relevant developmental neurobiological changes in the brain, supplemented where appropriate, with evidence from the non-human primate. The disappearance of the palmar grasp reflex and the decrease in endogenous smiling and spontaneous crying, which occur at 2-3 months, are correlated to emergent cortical inhibition of brainstem circuits. In addition, the improved ability to recognize an event experienced in the immediate past (recognition memory) is related to growth of the hippocampus and adjacent structures at this age. The behavioral developments at 7-10 months include an enhanced ability to retrieve stored representations of the past and to compare past and present (working memory), along with the emergence of the universal fears of strangers and separation from the caretaker. These milestones are correlated in time with maturational changes in the prefrontal and rhinal cortices and hippocampal formation, the integration of the limbic system and increased responsiveness of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis. Knowledge of age-dependent correlations of brain and behavioral maturation is a basis for the investigation of causal relationships between brain development and behavior. A close collaboration of pediatricians, psychologists and neuroscientists is, therefore, necessary.
Topics: Age Factors; Anxiety, Separation; Brain; Child Development; Crying; Humans; Infant; Infant Behavior; Memory; Psychology, Child
PubMed: 9453026
DOI: 10.1055/s-2007-973720 -
Archivos de La Sociedad Espanola de... Jun 2021Our visual system has evolved to provide us with an image of the scene that surrounds us, informing us of its texture, colour, movement, and depth with an enormous... (Review)
Review
Our visual system has evolved to provide us with an image of the scene that surrounds us, informing us of its texture, colour, movement, and depth with an enormous spatial and temporal resolution, and for this purpose, the image formation (IF) dedicates the vast majority of our retinal ganglion cell (RGC) population and much of our cerebral cortex. On the other hand, a minuscule proportion of RGCs, in addition to receiving information from classic cone and rod photoreceptors, express melanopsin and are intrinsically photosensitive (ipRGC). These ipRGC are dedicated to non-image-forming (NIF) visual functions, of which we are unaware, but which are essential for aspects related to our daily physiology, such as the timing of our circadian rhythms and our pupillary light reflex, among many others. Before the discovery of ipRGCs, it was thought that the IF and NIF functions were distinct compartments regulated by different RGCs, but this concept has evolved in recent years with the discovery of new types of ipRGCs that innervate subcortical IF regions, and therefore have IF visual functions. Six different types of ipRGCs are currently known. These are termed M1-M6, and differ in their morphological, functional, molecular properties, central projections, and visual behaviour responsibilities. A review is presented on the melanopsin visual system, the most active field of research in vision, for which knowledge has grown exponentially during the last two decades, when RGCs giving rise to this pathway were first discovered.
Topics: Circadian Rhythm; Retinal Cone Photoreceptor Cells; Retinal Ganglion Cells; Retinal Rod Photoreceptor Cells; Vision, Ocular
PubMed: 34092284
DOI: 10.1016/j.oftale.2020.06.020 -
Cirugia Espanola Sep 2010Primary hyperhidrosis-PH is an excessive sweating without known etiology. The PH is more frequent in women and in palms, soles and axillae. Medical treatment is not... (Review)
Review
Primary hyperhidrosis-PH is an excessive sweating without known etiology. The PH is more frequent in women and in palms, soles and axillae. Medical treatment is not effective. The objective of the surgery is to remove or to disconnect sympathetic ganglia T2 (craniofacial PH or facial blushing), T3 (palmar PH) and T3-T4 (axillary PH). The surgical techniques are mainly resection/transection, ablation with electrocoagulation, sympathetic block by clipping and radiofrequency. Anhidrosis is achieved in 95% of the patients. The overall rate of complications is less than 5% and these are minor complications. The most important unwanted effect is reflex sweating, presented in 48% of the patients. Reflex sweating is more frequent in back, thorax and abdomen and it appears independently of the surgical technique. Ninety percent of the patients are very satisfied after surgery. Nowadays, thoracic sympathetic surgery is the gold standard for primary hyperhidrosis.
Topics: Humans; Hyperhidrosis; Sympathectomy
PubMed: 20153461
DOI: 10.1016/j.ciresp.2009.12.014 -
Frontiers in Neural Circuits 2021Primitive reflexes are evident shortly after birth. Many of these reflexes disappear during postnatal development as part of the maturation of motor control. This study...
Primitive reflexes are evident shortly after birth. Many of these reflexes disappear during postnatal development as part of the maturation of motor control. This study investigates the changes of connectivity related to sensory integration by spinal dI3 interneurons during the time in which the palmar grasp reflex gradually disappears in postnatal mice pups. Our results reveal an increase in GAD65/67-labeled terminals to perisomatic Vglut1-labeled sensory inputs contacting cervical and lumbar dI3 interneurons between postnatal day 3 and day 25. In contrast, there were no changes in the number of perisomatic Vglut1-labeled sensory inputs to lumbar and cervical dI3 interneurons other than a decrease between postnatal day 15 and day 25. Changes in postsynaptic GAD65/67-labeled inputs to dI3 interneurons were inconsistent with a role in the sustained loss of the grasp reflex. These results suggest a possible link between the maturation of hand grasp during postnatal development and increased presynaptic inhibition of sensory inputs to dI3 interneurons.
Topics: Animals; Hand Strength; Interneurons; Mice; Reflex; Sensation; Spinal Cord
PubMed: 35153680
DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2021.768235 -
Neuroreport Nov 1999It was hypothesized that adult handedness might be predicted from the neonatal grasp reflex. Grasp reflex was measured from right and left hand (10 trials for each hand)... (Clinical Trial)
Clinical Trial
It was hypothesized that adult handedness might be predicted from the neonatal grasp reflex. Grasp reflex was measured from right and left hand (10 trials for each hand) in neonates. According to significance for the difference between the mean grasp reflex strength from the right and left hands, the subjects were designated as right-, left-, and mixed-handers. Adult hand preference was assessed by Edinburgh Handedness Inventory. The percentage of left-handedness (8.3%) in neonates coincided with adult left-handedness (6.3-9.2%). The percentage of consistent right-hand preference in adults coincided with percentage of right-handedness in neonates (25.7%). The high percentage of neonatal mixed-handedness was similar to that to be expected from the right shift model of hand preference. It was concluded that left-handedness and consistent right-handedness may be determined prenatally, under genetic and/or hormonal control, and that a large majority of neonatal handedness, mixed-handers, might change their hand preference in favor of right-handed-ness under socio-cultural and developmental influences of speech centres.
Topics: Adult; Functional Laterality; Hand; Hand Strength; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Reflex
PubMed: 10599829
DOI: 10.1097/00001756-199911080-00001 -
Instructional Course Lectures 2007The disorder called Dupuytren's disease has been recognized for approximately 400 years. Its presentation, although seemingly rather constant, is actually extremely... (Review)
Review
The disorder called Dupuytren's disease has been recognized for approximately 400 years. Its presentation, although seemingly rather constant, is actually extremely variable, depending on which structures are involved. A thorough knowledge of palmar fascial anatomy is essential to the understanding of Dupuytren's disease.
Topics: Dissection; Dupuytren Contracture; Fascia; Fasciotomy; Genetic Predisposition to Disease; Humans; Orthopedic Procedures; Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy
PubMed: 17472297
DOI: No ID Found -
The Journal of Hand Surgery Jun 2023Stimulation of the dorsoradial ligament (DRL) of the first carpometacarpal joint (CMC-1) has shown a ligamento-muscular reflex pathway between the DRL and CMC-1...
PURPOSE
Stimulation of the dorsoradial ligament (DRL) of the first carpometacarpal joint (CMC-1) has shown a ligamento-muscular reflex pathway between the DRL and CMC-1 stabilizing muscles in healthy volunteers. However, it remains unclear how this ligamento-muscular reflex pattern is altered after anesthetizing sensory skin receptors and administering a further periarticular block around the CMC-1 joint, which may influence the dynamic aspects of joint stability.
METHODS
Ligamento-muscular reflexes were obtained from the extensor pollicis longus, abductor pollicis longus, abductor pollicis brevis, and the first dorsal interosseous muscles in 10 healthy participants after establishing superficial anesthesia of the skin around the CMC-1. The DRL was stimulated with a fine wire electrode while EMG activities were recorded during isometric tip, key, and palmar pinch. The measurements were repeated after an additional periarticular CMC-1 block using 5 ml of 1% lidocaine. Average EMG values were analyzed to compare the prestimulus and poststimulus activity.
RESULTS
Statistically significant changes in poststimulus EMG activity were observed in all 4 muscles and all 3 tested thumb positions. A markedly reduced activity in all 4 muscles was observed in the palmar position, followed by the tip and key pinch positions. Almost no reactions were observed in the first 20 ms poststimulus for all muscles in all positions.
CONCLUSIONS
Superficial skin anesthesia and an additional periarticular CMC-1 block anesthesia resulted in a reduced ligamento-muscular reflex pattern in all 4 muscles.
CLINICAL RELEVANCE
Ligamento-muscular reflexes play an important role in dynamic CMC-1 joint stability. The elimination of early reactions, those considered joint-protective reflexes, is a potential risk factor for developing osteoarthritis or injury because it results in an inability to adequately protect and stabilize the joint in sudden movements.
Topics: Humans; Thumb; Muscle, Skeletal; Hand; Reflex; Carpometacarpal Joints
PubMed: 35241318
DOI: 10.1016/j.jhsa.2022.01.005 -
Clinical Rheumatology Jun 1989Reflex sympathetic dystrophy (RSD) is a clinical syndrome defined in the English literature by pain, dystrophic tissue changes and local disturbance of autonomic... (Review)
Review
Reflex sympathetic dystrophy (RSD) is a clinical syndrome defined in the English literature by pain, dystrophic tissue changes and local disturbance of autonomic function in a limb or part of a limb. Algodystrophy is the common name used for the condition in the French literature, in which the concept also includes the "transient regional osteoporosis" and the "regional migratory osteolysis". We want to discuss three points: 1) Are the RSD, transient regional osteoporosis and migratory osteolysis different diseases or different manifestations of a single condition? We believe that an objective differentiation is not possible between them. Our report about 28 cases of polytopic RSD shows the frequent association in the same patient of these manifestations and we believe that this represents the broad spectrum of a single disease. 2) Is the accepted classic pathophysiologic mechanism of RSD accurate? The conception of a disturbance of autonomic function is not easily linked with its association with conditions such as diabetes, hyperthyroidism, hyperlipidaemia and others. Even more difficult to explain is the association with malignancy and osteomalacia. The deposit of immunoglobulins that we have demonstrated in two cases in the palmar fascia of RSD associated with malignancy suggests a possible immunological mechanism. 3) What are the limits of RSD? The association between RSD and aseptic necrosis of the hip has been reported. Are they two different conditions or is the aseptic necrosis only a more developed form of RSD? Finally, we report the first single case of Munchausen syndrome mimicking a RSD of the hand with the same clinical, radiological and scintigraphic appearance.
Topics: Diagnosis, Differential; Humans; Osteolysis; Osteoporosis; Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy
PubMed: 2667864
DOI: 10.1007/BF02207243