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Journal of Religion and Health Jun 2021This study aims to determine breast cancer fatalism in women and investigate the relationship between women's cervical cancer and pap smear test health beliefs with...
Determination of Breast Cancer Fatalism in Women and the Investigation of the Relationship Between Women's Cervical Cancer and Pap Smear Test Health Beliefs with Religious Orientation and Fatalism.
This study aims to determine breast cancer fatalism in women and investigate the relationship between women's cervical cancer and pap smear test health beliefs with religious orientation and fatalism. The study, which was conducted as a descriptive and relational screening one, was conducted in the eastern part of Turkey between July and August 2019. The study was conducted with 357 women who were not diagnosed with breast or cervical cancer, and who were not pregnant. A positive, significant relationship was found between the Religious Orientation Scale total mean score and Health Motivation and Pap smear Benefit Perception sub-scale mean score. A positive, significant relationship was found between the Fatalism Tendency Scale total mean score and Sensitivity, Importance Perception, Pap smear Benefit Perception and Pap smear Barrier Perception sub-scale mean scores (p < .05). The participating women were found to have a low level of breast cancer fatalism. Religious Orientation and Fatalism Tendency were found to have affected the Cervical Cancer and Pap Smear Test Health Beliefs. Similar studies are recommended to be conducted in larger groups and different regions.
Topics: Breast Neoplasms; Early Detection of Cancer; Female; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; Humans; Motivation; Papanicolaou Test; Pregnancy; Turkey; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms
PubMed: 33123972
DOI: 10.1007/s10943-020-01108-2 -
Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer... 2014Coverage of cervical pap smear test in Nepal is below general global values. One of the reasons may be that cervical cancer prevention policy of Nepal has 'Visual... (Observational Study)
Observational Study
BACKGROUND
Coverage of cervical pap smear test in Nepal is below general global values. One of the reasons may be that cervical cancer prevention policy of Nepal has 'Visual Inspection of Cervix with Acetic Acid' as the only screening tool. The focus of present study was to find out association of demographic factors, knowledge and attitude regarding cervical Pap smear test with its practice by women in Nepal.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
This cross sectional analytical observational study was conducted between February 1, 2013 and April 30, 2013. Participants were interviewed with the help of a structured questionnaire. Chi square and multivariate logistic regression tests were used to detect associations of variables with pap smear practice.
RESULTS
Chi square test showed that practice was significantly associated with knowledge about pap smear test and cervical cancer, having favourable attitude towards the test, urban residency and 36-50 years age-group. Pap smear utilization was not associated with age-at-marriage, parity and age-at-first-child-birth. Multivariate logistic regression showed favorable attitude towards pap smear test as the only variable which significantly influenced pap smear practice (p=0.006, OR: 2.4).
CONCLUSIONS
Pap smear coverage has been found to be 15.7% which is lower than global average and that for developing countries. Health education programs which are effective not only in increasing knowledge about cervical cancer and pap smear test but also effective in positively changing attitude towards the test should be organized to increase pap smear coverage.
Topics: Adult; Cross-Sectional Studies; Demography; Early Detection of Cancer; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Health Education; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; Humans; Middle Aged; Neoplasm Staging; Nepal; Papanicolaou Test; Patient Compliance; Prognosis; Risk Factors; Surveys and Questionnaires; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms; Vaginal Smears
PubMed: 25374227
DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2014.15.20.8905 -
Zhonghua Fu Chan Ke Za Zhi Jul 2002To investigate the influence of abnormal cervical pap smear undertaken in pregnancy to the outcome of the pregnancy.
OBJECTIVE
To investigate the influence of abnormal cervical pap smear undertaken in pregnancy to the outcome of the pregnancy.
METHODS
A total of 1 069 primipara deliveried in Beijing Chaoyang hospital from Jan 1999 to May 2001 were reviewed, furthermore we compared the group of normal pap smear (group A) with the group of abnormal pap smear (group B), and analysed the difference of the complications during pregnancy, methods of delivery, the first stage of labor, fetal distress and the outcome of the cervical pap smear postpartum.
RESULTS
The incidence of premature rupture of the membranes and fetal distress in group B, which were 39.39% and 30.30%, respectively, were significantly higher than that of group A, which were 5.21% and 15.25%, respectively (P < 0.01). There was no statistical difference in premature delivery, the ratio of cesarean section and the first stage of labor which were 3.38% and 3.03%, 44.11% and 30.30%, 7.3 h and 7.7 h, respectively (P > 0.05). The regression rate for patients with abnormal cervical pap smear postpartum was 62%.
CONCLUSIONS
The outcomes of the pregnancy such as premature rupture of the membranes and fetal distress were affected by the abnormal cervical pap smear undertaken during pregnancy. It is important to undergo routine cervical pap smear examination during pregnancy.
Topics: Female; Humans; Incidence; Papanicolaou Test; Postpartum Period; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Outcome; Premature Birth; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms; Vaginal Smears
PubMed: 12411032
DOI: No ID Found -
Nursing Inquiry Dec 1997Text from a public health brochure on pap smears was analysed with particular reference to ways in which the language used conveys particular messages about women and...
Text from a public health brochure on pap smears was analysed with particular reference to ways in which the language used conveys particular messages about women and their bodies. In the text, 'humans' were found to be excluded as such. Both the pap smear service provider and the women who are the recipients of this service--and at whom such brochures are targeted--are objectified and their characteristics of human existence (i.e. ontological capacities) were restricted. The language of the pamphlet invokes an image for women associated with vaginal (penile penetrative) sex. The discourse also is found to be didactic, biomedical and written in the voice of the service provider. Further, the encounter of pap smear events is contextualized as procedural such that not only is the woman 'done to' in the process of having a cervical smear test but the woman's and provider's experiences of the encounter are silenced. It is concluded that the texts may be viewed as misogynist and that such texts do not take account of the complexity of women's decisions to 'submit to' or comply with cervical cancer screening.
Topics: Attitude to Health; Female; Feminism; Humans; Pamphlets; Papanicolaou Test; Patient Education as Topic; Prejudice; Semantics; Vaginal Smears; Women's Health
PubMed: 9437963
DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1800.1997.tb00112.x -
Artificial Intelligence in Medicine Jul 2020Pap smear is often employed as a screening test for diagnosing cervical pre-cancerous and cancerous lesions. Accurate identification of dysplastic changes amongst the...
Pap smear is often employed as a screening test for diagnosing cervical pre-cancerous and cancerous lesions. Accurate identification of dysplastic changes amongst the cervical cells in a Pap smear image is thus essential for rapid diagnosis and prognosis. Manual pathological observations used in clinical practice require exhaustive analysis of thousands of cell nuclei in a whole slide image to visualize the dysplastic nuclear changes which make the process tedious and time-consuming. Automated nuclei segmentation and classification exist but are challenging to overcome issues like nuclear intra-class variability and clustered nuclei separation. To address such challenges, we put forward an application of instance segmentation and classification framework built on an Unet architecture by adding residual blocks, densely connected blocks and a fully convolutional layer as a bottleneck between encoder-decoder blocks for Pap smear images. The number of convolutional layers in the standard Unet has been replaced by densely connected blocks to ensure feature reuse-ability property while the introduction of residual blocks in the same attempts to converge the network more rapidly. The framework provides simultaneous nuclei instance segmentation and also predicts the type of nucleus class as belonging to normal and abnormal classes from the smear images. It works by assigning pixel-wise labels to individual nuclei in a whole slide image which enables identifying multiple nuclei belonging to the same or different class as individual distinct instances. Introduction of a joint loss function in the framework overcomes some trivial cell level issues on clustered nuclei separation. To increase the robustness of the overall framework, the proposed model is preceded with a stacked auto-encoder based shape representation learning model. The proposed model outperforms two state-of-the-art deep learning models Unet and Mask_RCNN with an average Zijdenbos similarity index of 97 % related to segmentation along with binary classification accuracy of 98.8 %. Experiments on hospital-based datasets using liquid-based cytology and conventional pap smear methods along with benchmark Herlev datasets proved the superiority of the proposed method than Unet and Mask_RCNN models in terms of the evaluation metrics under consideration.
Topics: Cell Nucleus; Female; Humans; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; Neural Networks, Computer; Papanicolaou Test; Vaginal Smears
PubMed: 32828445
DOI: 10.1016/j.artmed.2020.101897 -
Hospital Practice (Hospital Ed.) Mar 1981
Topics: Adult; Female; Humans; Middle Aged; Papanicolaou Test; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms; Vaginal Smears
PubMed: 7193633
DOI: 10.1080/21548331.1981.11946734 -
Collegium Antropologicum Dec 2002The significance of endocervical cylindrical cells (EC) as a criterion of sample adequacy has been established on 1,000 patients by comparing VCE smears (vaginal,...
The significance of endocervical cylindrical cells (EC) as a criterion of sample adequacy has been established on 1,000 patients by comparing VCE smears (vaginal, cervical, endocervical) with or without EC in relation to prevalence of abnormal cells, prevalence of histological diagnosed lesions and sensitivity and negative predictive value of Pap smear, as well as by comparison of negative findings without EC with control smears with the aim of discovering overlooked lesions. A considerably greater yield of cytological (107/536 in relation to 49/464) and histological (105/536 in relation to 55/464) (p < 0.05) abnormalities in smears with EC support the hypothesis that the presence of EC is strongly and positively associated with prevalence of disease. In contrast, the presence of EC predicts only a moderate improvement in Pap smear quality with a weaker effect on sensitivity (95% in relation to 80%). During two-years monitoring of patients with negative Pap smear and negative colposcopy (403 with EC and 390 without EC in smears), no positive cytology/histology diagnosis was made. Also, because the prevalence of missed lesions among negative Pap smears is extremely low in absolute terms, no appreciable impact on negative predictive value was observed (98.8% in relation to 97.3%).
Topics: Cervix Uteri; Female; Humans; Papanicolaou Test; Predictive Value of Tests; Prospective Studies; Sensitivity and Specificity; Vaginal Smears
PubMed: 12528282
DOI: No ID Found -
Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer... Dec 2017Global data indicate that cervical cancer is the fourth most common cancer among women worldwide. Important factors that affect interventions for early diagnosis of...
Global data indicate that cervical cancer is the fourth most common cancer among women worldwide. Important factors that affect interventions for early diagnosis of cervical cancer include social beliefs and values and poor knowledge. These may contribute to women’s participation in screening for cervical cancer and have a significant impact on decisions to take preventive action. The present study was conducted with 599 women in the UAE between September 2016 and March 2017. A cross-sectional survey was conducted to determine knowledge about cervical cancer and screening, demographic characteristics and perceived barriers. Knowledge about the Pap smear test was limited, and awareness that they should undergo the Pap smear test every three years even with an initial negative/normal Pap smear result was abysmal. In spite of the positive attitude of the women towards the Pap smear test, almost 80% of the women surveyed had no knowledge of precancerous lesions. Having higher income (21/29, 72%, p=0.027) and more miscarriages were associated with better practice of Pap smears (19/26, 73%, p=0.010). Knowledge levels were significantly higher (66.3±22.2,) that values for attitude (60.5±20.9, p= 0.03, 95% CI {0.22-11.3}, Chi-square 4.38) and practice (53.7 24.1, p= 0.001, 95% CI {6.9-18.1}, Chi-square 19.7). A well-designed health education programme on cervical cancer and benefits of screening should increase the awareness among women in UAE. One point to stress is that better communication with health professionals and improvement of access to health care services should increase the rate of cervical cancer screening.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Cross-Sectional Studies; Early Detection of Cancer; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; Humans; Middle Aged; Papanicolaou Test; Prognosis; Surveys and Questionnaires; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms; Vaginal Smears; Young Adult
PubMed: 29286607
DOI: 10.22034/APJCP.2017.18.12.3379 -
South African Medical Journal =... Mar 1993Despite the high incidence of cancer of the uterine cervix among black South African women, many do not have access to cytological screening services. Data describing...
Despite the high incidence of cancer of the uterine cervix among black South African women, many do not have access to cytological screening services. Data describing Papanicolaou smear coverage and factors related to coverage are presented from 9 surveys of rural women workers in the food canning and processing industry in the Cape. Adequacy of Pap smear coverage was assessed according to whether the respondent had ever previously had a Pap smear, or had had one in the 3 years preceding the survey. From the 3 surveys with the greatest generalisability, only 49-65% of workers reported adequate Pap smear coverage. Knowledge about Pap smears was lacking. At the same time, of those women with adequate coverage, many appeared to be receiving unnecessary routine Pap smears. It appears that the policy which makes the availability of Pap smears dependent upon acceptance of contraceptive services is responsible for both the lack of Pap smear coverage and the over-provision of smears in this group of women. An urgent review of state Pap smear policy is required and a coherent community-based educational programme to facilitate the prevention of cervical cancer should be implemented as soon as possible.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Age Factors; Contraception; Female; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; Humans; Mass Screening; Middle Aged; Papanicolaou Test; Parity; Rural Population; South Africa; Vaginal Smears
PubMed: 8511683
DOI: No ID Found -
BMC Family Practice Aug 2019In France, with the growing scarcity of gynecologists and a globally low and socially differentiated coverage of cervical cancer screening (CCS), general practitioners...
General practitioners who never perform Pap smear: the medical offer and the socio-economic context around their office could limit their involvement in cervical cancer screening.
BACKGROUND
In France, with the growing scarcity of gynecologists and a globally low and socially differentiated coverage of cervical cancer screening (CCS), general practitioners (GPs) are valuable resources to improve screening services for women. Still all GPs do not perform Pap smears. In order to promote this screening among GPs, the characteristics of physicians who never perform CCS should be more precisely specified. Besides already-known individual characteristics, the contextual aspects of the physicians' office, such as gynecologist density in the area, could shape GPs gynecological activities.
METHODS
To analyze county (département) characteristics of GPs' office associated with no performance of CCS, we used a representative sample of 1063 French GPs conducted in 2009 and we constructed mixed models with two levels, GP and county.
RESULTS
Almost 35% (n = 369) of the GPs declared never performing CCS. GPs working in counties with a poor GP-density per inhabitants were more likely to perform CCS (odds ratio (OR) = 0.52 for each increase of density by 1 GP per 10,000 inhabitants, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.37-0.74). On the contrary, GPs working in counties with an easier access to a gynecologist were more likely not to perform CCS (OR = 1.06 for each increase of density by 1 gynecologist per 100,000 women, 95%CI = 1.03-1.10 and OR = 2.02 if the first gynecologist is reachable in less than 15 min, 95%CI = 1.20-3.41) as well as GPs working in areas with a poverty rate above the national average (OR = 1.66, 95%CI = 1.09-2.54). These contextual characteristics explain most of the differences between counties concerning rates of not performing CCS.
CONCLUSIONS
Specific programs should be developed for GPs working in contexts unfavorable to their involvement in CCS.
Topics: Adult; Early Detection of Cancer; Female; France; General Practitioners; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Papanicolaou Test; Practice Patterns, Physicians'; Socioeconomic Factors; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms
PubMed: 31416425
DOI: 10.1186/s12875-019-1004-x