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Journal of the American Academy of... Nov 2014Squamous epithelial cells are susceptible to infection by the human papillomavirus. Infection of squamous epithelium with oncogenic human papillomavirus types is... (Review)
Review
Squamous epithelial cells are susceptible to infection by the human papillomavirus. Infection of squamous epithelium with oncogenic human papillomavirus types is associated with development of dysplasia and potential malignant transformation. Historically, cervical cancer has been the most prevalent human papillomavirus-induced squamous neoplasia. However, because of widespread screening via Pap smear testing, rates of cervical cancer in the United States have decreased dramatically during the past 50 years. Rates of anal cancer, in contrast, have doubled during the past 30 years. The groups at highest risk for development of anal cancer are men who have sex with men, HIV-positive patients, and patients immunosuppressed as a result of solid-organ transplantation. By detecting dysplasia before it develops into invasive cancer, anal Pap smears may be a potentially useful screening tool for anal cancer, particularly in individuals known to be at increased risk. However, at this time, sufficient data supporting the benefit of anal Pap smear screening are lacking. With insufficient evidence, no national health care organizations currently recommend the use of anal Pap smears as a routine screening test, even among high-risk groups.
Topics: Anus Neoplasms; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell; Dermatology; Early Detection of Cancer; Humans; Incidence; Papanicolaou Test; Physician's Role; Risk Factors; Sexual Behavior
PubMed: 25088812
DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2014.06.045 -
Consensus Development Conference... 1980
Review
Topics: Female; Humans; National Institutes of Health (U.S.); Papanicolaou Test; United States; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms; Vaginal Smears
PubMed: 7023814
DOI: No ID Found -
Revista Gaucha de Enfermagem Mar 2016Objectives To identify socioeconomic and regional inequalities of pap smear coverage in the state of Rio Grande do Sul. Methods An ecological study based on data of the...
Objectives To identify socioeconomic and regional inequalities of pap smear coverage in the state of Rio Grande do Sul. Methods An ecological study based on data of the 2011-2012 national health information system to estimate the annual coverage of pap smears for the overall female population of the state and for women without private health insurance. We estimated annual pap smear coverage according to the Municipal Social Vulnerability Index and health macro-regions and regions of the state. Results The percentage of women without private health insurance ranged from 38.1% to 94.2% in the health regions. Pap smear coverage was 17.3% for the overall female population and 23.8% for women without private health insurance. Pap smear coverage was higher in more socially vulnerable municipalities and regions with a higher percentage of women with private health insurance. Conclusions The prevalence of private health insurance should be considered in studies that address the coverage of the Brazilian Unified Health System (SUS).
Topics: Adult; Brazil; Early Detection of Cancer; Female; Healthcare Disparities; Humans; Insurance Coverage; Insurance, Health; Middle Aged; Papanicolaou Test; Poverty Areas; Rural Population; Social Determinants of Health; Urban Population; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms; Vulnerable Populations
PubMed: 26982680
DOI: 10.1590/1983-1447.2016.01.52287 -
Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology :... Aug 2022Cervical cancer is one of the five most common cancers among women. The present study aimed to compare conventional and liquid-based Pap smear methods in 2018 in Kerman,...
Cervical cancer is one of the five most common cancers among women. The present study aimed to compare conventional and liquid-based Pap smear methods in 2018 in Kerman, Iran. This was a cross-sectional study. Pap smear samples (conventional Pap smear (CN) and liquid-based cytology (LBC)) were collected from five health centres in Kerman. Samples were classified into two groups of liquid and CNs, and each group was classified into normal, abnormal (including, atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASCUS), atypical squamous cells, cannot exclude high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (ASC-H), low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (LSIL), high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (HSIL) and cancer) and unsatisfactory. Descriptive data analysis and chi-square/Fisher's exact test were performed in SPSS 20 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL). Totally, 31,513 women were screened by two CN and LBC. The mean age of subjects was 39.73 ± 9.58 years. The unsatisfactory smears (1.4% versus 0.02%; =.001) and ASCUS (45.1% versus 39.4%; =.007) were more reported by conventional tests, while LSIL (33.1% versus 38.9%; =.005) was reported by the LBC test. Among women who were younger than 40 years, the CIN2 that was found by LBC was significantly more than the CN method (37.4% versus 31.7, =.04) and among older women (older than 40 years) the CIN1 was significantly more as well (18% versus 13.6%, =.05). The present study showed that, although LBC had many advantages, CN is still useful. Further studies are to be suggested as a clinical trial in another population with a large number of participants to compare the diagnosing methods of cervical cancers. Impact Statement The conventional Pap smear (CN) and liquid-based cytology (LBC) methods are the most common methods for screening cervical cancers. Previously, in some studies, LBC was reported as a better method and in some studies, traditional method was preferred. Conflicting results were found in previous articles. LBC compared to CN could find truer abnormal cases. The superiority of the LBC method is seen in cases such as reducing unsatisfactory cases, etc. LBC compared to CN could find more CIN. Also, LBC could find more CIN1 among women older than 40 years and more CIN ≥2 among younger women. Although LBC has many advantages and it is easier, CN is still useful and both methods are suitable for cervical abnormality and cancer detection. CN cannot be declared an outdated method.
Topics: Adult; Aged; Atypical Squamous Cells of the Cervix; Cross-Sectional Studies; Female; Humans; Middle Aged; Papanicolaou Test; Precancerous Conditions; Squamous Intraepithelial Lesions; Uterine Cervical Dysplasia; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms; Vaginal Smears
PubMed: 35579303
DOI: 10.1080/01443615.2022.2049721 -
Australian Family Physician May 1995
Topics: Female; Humans; Papanicolaou Test; Posture; Vaginal Smears
PubMed: 7794162
DOI: No ID Found -
The Journal of Family Practice May 1988
Topics: Female; Humans; Mass Screening; Papanicolaou Test; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms; Vaginal Smears
PubMed: 3367121
DOI: No ID Found -
AIDS Patient Care and STDs Apr 2001
Topics: DNA, Viral; Female; Humans; Papanicolaou Test; Papillomaviridae; Papillomavirus Infections; Tumor Virus Infections; Vaginal Smears
PubMed: 11385761
DOI: No ID Found -
Australian Family Physician May 1995
Topics: Female; Humans; Papanicolaou Test; Posture; Vaginal Smears
PubMed: 7794161
DOI: No ID Found -
The Journal of the American Board of... 1989
Topics: Female; Humans; Observer Variation; Papanicolaou Test; Vaginal Smears
PubMed: 2801202
DOI: No ID Found -
Texas Medicine Nov 1997
Topics: Adult; Continuity of Patient Care; Cost Control; Female; Humans; Laboratories; Managed Care Programs; Papanicolaou Test; Quality of Health Care; United States; Vaginal Smears
PubMed: 9369088
DOI: No ID Found