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Environmental Pollution (Barking, Essex... Mar 2021Short- and medium-chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs, MCCPs) are high-production volume industrial chemicals that have been previously reported to occur in food,...
Short- and medium-chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs, MCCPs) are high-production volume industrial chemicals that have been previously reported to occur in food, packaging material and the environment. This study presents an assessment of dietary exposure for consumers in Southern Germany based on three different sampling approaches: (i) a classical market basket study (n = 154), (ii) the analysis of ready-made meals from restaurants (n = 10), and (iii) a total diet approach (n = 21). In 35% of the samples, CPs were below the method limit of quantification. Highest amounts of SCCPs and MCCPs were found especially in extra virgin olive oils (EVOOs) and fish. Homologue patterns indicated the partial removal of CPs during the refining of (other) edible oils. Ready-made meals contained only low amounts of CPs equal to estimations based on market basket samples. Total diet samples from the same hospital were generally comparable with each other regardless of diet, although vegetarian meal plans with high amounts of cheese and other dairy products contained up to an order of magnitude more CPs than other diets. Taking all approaches into account, calculated daily exposures for adults ranged 35-420 ng/kg bw/day for ΣSCCPs and 22-840 ng/kg bw/day for ΣMCCPs, which is between one and two orders of magnitude higher than the current dietary intake of polychlorinated biphenyls (indicator PCBs) in Europe.
Topics: Animals; China; Diet; Environmental Monitoring; Europe; Germany; Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated; Meals; Paraffin
PubMed: 33293103
DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.116019 -
The Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology Dec 1969
Topics: Chemical Phenomena; Chemistry, Physical; Paraffin; Temperature; Viscosity
PubMed: 4391160
DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-7158.1969.tb08339.x -
Chemosphere Feb 2022
Topics: Dibenzofurans, Polychlorinated; Environmental Monitoring; Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated; Naphthalenes; Paraffin; Polychlorinated Biphenyls
PubMed: 34863731
DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.133131 -
Journal of Chromatography. A Mar 2018For decades, high quantities of short-chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCP) and medium-chain chlorinated paraffins (MCCP) have been widely used, for instance as...
Chlorinated paraffin analysis by gas chromatography Orbitrap high-resolution mass spectrometry: Method performance, investigation of possible interferences and analysis of fish samples.
For decades, high quantities of short-chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCP) and medium-chain chlorinated paraffins (MCCP) have been widely used, for instance as plasticizers or flame retardants, leading to global pollution due to unintentional emissions from products or waste. Due to the high complexity of chlorinated paraffins with several thousand congeners there is no consensus on an analytical procedure for SCCPs and MCCPs in food samples. Amongst the multitude of methods currently in use, high-resolution mass spectrometry is particularly valuable for in-depth studies of homologue patterns. Here we analyse SCCPs and MCCPs with gas chromatography coupled to high-resolution Orbitrap mass spectrometry (GC-Orbitrap-HRMS) operated in full-scan acquisition in electron capture negative ion (ECNI) mode at 60,000 and 120,000 resolution (FWHM, m/z 200, equals roughly 30,000 and 60,000 at 5% peak height). Linear dynamic range, selectivity and sensitivity tests confirmed an excellent linearity in a concentration range of 25-15,000 pg/μL with very low limits of detection (LODs) in the low pg/μL range. Spiking experiments with high levels of native mono- and di-ortho-polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and mixtures of MCCP and SCCP standards did not have a negative impact on isotope ratios of the examined homologues. Besides the [M-Cl] fragment ions used for quantification, the mass spectra of homologues also featured [M-HCl] ions whose abundance increased with decreasing chlorination degree. In addition, [M-HCl-Cl] ions were detected with a relative abundance of 5-10%. Three salmon (Salmo salar) samples farmed in Norway showed a consistent CP homologue pattern which differed both from the CP pattern in a sample from Scottish aquaculture and a wild salmon sample. These measurements produce evidence that discretely different CP patterns may exist in different areas of origin. Our results demonstrate that GC/ECNI-Orbitrap-HRMS is well-suited for the analysis of CPs by overcoming a range of mass interference problems and due to its thus far unmatched sensitivity.
Topics: Animals; Environmental Monitoring; Fishes; Food Analysis; Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated; Limit of Detection; Norway; Paraffin; Polychlorinated Biphenyls
PubMed: 29397983
DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2018.01.034 -
Journal of Agricultural and Food... Sep 2021Chlorinated paraffins (CPs) are environmental pollutants of emerging concern. Long-chain CPs (LCCPs) are considered of lesser concern than other CPs in food due to their...
Chlorinated paraffins (CPs) are environmental pollutants of emerging concern. Long-chain CPs (LCCPs) are considered of lesser concern than other CPs in food due to their lower accumulation in most organisms. However, LCCPs have been shown to accumulate preferentially in birds. We used ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography combined with electrospray ionization Orbitrap mass spectrometry (UPLC-ESI-Orbitrap MS) to analyze CPs (CCl) in tissues of free-range hens, their feed, and local soils. Feed was found to be the main source of CP intake. The CP carbon chain length had little impact on their absorption. C-CPs were excreted in preference to C-CPs by laying. The metabolic elimination rates of CPs (0.2 μg/mL) estimated using chicken liver microsomes were in the order CCl (91%) > CCl (57%) > CCl (12%) > CCl (6%). CPs with longer carbon chains accumulated preferentially in muscle and adipose tissues, and the accumulation of specific carbon chain lengths was related to the content and composition of different CPs in the intake source.
Topics: Animals; Chickens; China; Electronic Waste; Environmental Monitoring; Female; Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated; Paraffin
PubMed: 34449201
DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c04546 -
Environmental Science & Technology Dec 2020Chlorinated paraffins (CPs) are highly complex mixtures of polychlorinated -alkanes with differing chain lengths and chlorination patterns. Knowledge on physicochemical...
Chlorinated paraffins (CPs) are highly complex mixtures of polychlorinated -alkanes with differing chain lengths and chlorination patterns. Knowledge on physicochemical properties of individual congeners is limited but needed to understand their environmental fate and potential risks. This work used a sophisticated but time-demanding quantum chemically based method COSMO-RS and a fast-running fragment contribution approach to enable prediction of partition coefficients for a large number of short-chain chlorinated paraffin (SCCP) congeners. Fragment contribution models (FCMs) were developed using molecular fragments with a length of up to C in CP molecules as explanatory variables and COSMO-RS-calculated partition coefficients as training data. The resulting FCMs could quickly provide COSMO-RS predictions for octanol-water (), air-water (), and octanol-air () partition coefficients of SCCP congeners with an accuracy of 0.1-0.3 log units root-mean-squared errors. The FCM predictions for agreed with experimental values for individual constitutional isomers within 1 log unit. The distribution of partition coefficients for each SCCP congener group was computed, which successfully reproduced experimental log ranges of industrial CP mixtures. As an application of the developed FCMs, the predicted and were plotted to evaluate the bioaccumulation potential of each SCCP congener group.
Topics: Alkanes; China; Environmental Monitoring; Halogenation; Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated; Paraffin
PubMed: 33207873
DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c06506 -
Environmental Science & Technology Sep 2018As plasticizers and flame retardants, highly chlorinated paraffin (CP70) and related products will experience thermal processes during their lifecycle stages. However,...
As plasticizers and flame retardants, highly chlorinated paraffin (CP70) and related products will experience thermal processes during their lifecycle stages. However, the thermal transformation data for CP70 is limited. In this study, we investigated the release and transformation of chlorinated and unchlorinated products during the thermal decomposition of CP70. Large quantities of short- and medium-chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs and MCCPs) and unsaturated analogues (Cl-polyenes or chlorinated olefins) as well as toxic chlorinated aromatic hydrocarbons were formed synergistically under different thermal conditions. The yield of SCCPs increased gradually in the gas phase, while it decreased in the residue at 200-400 °C. SCCPs can be transformed further and generated mostly polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). Oxygen promoted the thermal transformation of SCCPs and MCCPs and decreased the yield in the gas phase at >400-500 °C. In contrast, the yield of both SCCPs and MCCPs increased notably under N at 800 °C. Chlorobenzene (CBz), PCBs, and polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs) were the main chlorinated aromatic hydrocarbons and obtained a maximum yield at 500-600 °C. The present findings indicate that CP70-containing materials may synergistically generate SCCPs, MCCPs, and other toxic chlorinated compounds during their life cycles.
Topics: Environmental Monitoring; Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated; Paraffin; Polychlorinated Biphenyls
PubMed: 30074771
DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b01729 -
Environmental Pollution (Barking, Essex... Dec 2021As replacements for "old" organohalides, such as polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), "new" organohalides have been developed,... (Review)
Review
As replacements for "old" organohalides, such as polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), "new" organohalides have been developed, including decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE), short-chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs), and perfluorobutyrate (PFBA). In the past decade, these emerging organohalides (EOHs) have been extensively produced as industrial and consumer products, resulting in their widespread environmental distribution. This review comprehensively summarizes the environmental occurrence and remediation methods for typical EOHs. Based on the data collected from 2015 to 2021, these EOHs are widespread in both abiotic (e.g., dust, air, soil, sediment, and water) and biotic (e.g., bird, fish, and human serum) matrices. A significant positive correlation was found between the estimated annual production amounts of EOHs and their environmental contamination levels, suggesting the prohibition of both production and usage of EOHs as a critical pollution-source control strategy. The strengths and weaknesses, as well as the future prospects of up-to-date remediation techniques, such as photodegradation, chemical oxidation, and biodegradation, are critically discussed. Of these remediation techniques, microbial reductive dehalogenation represents a promising in situ remediation method for removal of EOHs, such as perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) and halogenated flame retardants (HFRs).
Topics: Animals; Environmental Monitoring; Flame Retardants; Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers; Humans; Paraffin; Polychlorinated Biphenyls
PubMed: 34479159
DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118060 -
The Science of the Total Environment Aug 2023Chlorinated paraffins (CPs) belong to an emerging class of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) widely detected in environmental matrices and human samples. The... (Review)
Review
Chlorinated paraffins (CPs) belong to an emerging class of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) widely detected in environmental matrices and human samples. The potential health risks of CPs on humans have initiated intense concerns but there have been few studies focusing on the said topic. Addressing the gap, we make a scoping review on the current global body of evidence from epidemiological and toxicological studies. Furthermore, the management strategies and regulations related to CPs are presented and discussed. There were 70 articles among 11,280 records, including four epidemiological studies, one case report, another twenty-nine studies reporting human body burden, and thirty-six toxicological studies, finally included in this review. Additionally, twenty-three management regulation relevant documents/websites were included. CPs exist in human blood, breast milk, placenta, and other tissues. Population-based and laboratory studies suggest that CPs may cause liver and kidney toxicity, developmental toxicity, neurotoxicity, endocrine disorder, immune dysfunction, and reproductive toxicity. CPs with shorter carbon chains and higher chlorine content may be more harmful. In particular, the combined effect of CPs with other pollutants is of great concern. Population-based studies are far from sufficient at present, and most of them are conducted in China or developed countries. Besides, the toxicity assessment studies of CPs are inadequate. In addition, most studies focus on short-chain CPs (SCCPs) while few studies explored the effect of long-chain CPs (LCCPs). Thus, conducting more epidemiological studies in larger populations and toxicological studies combined with new technology methods are of great significance for better understanding the adverse health effects of CPs, which may promote CPs management regulations.
Topics: Female; Pregnancy; Humans; Paraffin; Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated; Environmental Monitoring; Environmental Pollutants; China
PubMed: 37164081
DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.163953 -
Chemosphere Feb 2024Exposure of humans to chlorinated paraffins (CPs) and chlorinated olefins (COs) can occur via contact with CP-containing plastic materials. Such plastic materials can...
Exposure of humans to chlorinated paraffins (CPs) and chlorinated olefins (COs) can occur via contact with CP-containing plastic materials. Such plastic materials can contain short-chain CPs (SCCPs), which are regulated as persistent organic pollutants (POPs) under the Stockholm Convention since 2017. Municipal wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) collect effluents of thousands of households and their sludge is a marker for CP exposure. We investigated digested sewage sludge collected in the years 1993, 2002, 2007, 2012, and 2020 from a Swiss WWTP serving between 20000 and 23000 inhabitants. A liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (R > 100000) method, in combination with an atmospheric pressure chemical ionization source (LC-APCI-MS), was used to detect mass spectra of CPs and olefinic side products. A R-based automated spectra evaluation routine (RASER) was applied to search for ∼23000 ions whereof ∼6000 ions could be assigned to CPs, chlorinated mono- (COs), di- (CdiOs) and tri-olefins (CtriOs). Up to 230 CP-, 120 CO-, 50 CdiO- and 20 CtriO-homologues could be identified in sludge. Characteristic fingerprints were deduced describing C- and Cl-homologue distributions, chlorine- (n) and carbon- (n) numbers of CPs and COs. In addition, proportions of saturated and unsaturated material were determined together with proportions of different chain length classes including short- (SC), medium- (MC), long- (LC) and very long-chain (vLC) material. A substantial reduction of SCCPs of 84% was observed from 1993 to 2020. Respective levels of MCCPs, LCCPs and vLCCPs decreased by 61, 69 and 58%. These trends confirm that banned SCCPs and non-regulated CPs are present in WWTP sludge and higher-chlorinated SCCPs were replaced by lower chlorinated MCCPs. Combining high-resolution mass spectrometry with a selective and fast data evaluation method can produce characteristic fingerprints of sewage sludge describing the long-term trends in a WWTP catchment area.
Topics: Humans; Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated; Sewage; Paraffin; Switzerland; Environmental Monitoring; Halogens; Water Purification; Ions; China
PubMed: 38040258
DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140825