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Environmental Science and Pollution... Feb 2021In the past decades, the environmental presence and ecological risks of chlorinated paraffins (CPs), an emerging class of organic halogen compounds, have been receiving... (Review)
Review
In the past decades, the environmental presence and ecological risks of chlorinated paraffins (CPs), an emerging class of organic halogen compounds, have been receiving increasing attention worldwide. Short-chain CPs (SCCPs) and medium-chain CPs (MCCPs) constitute the important CPs of considerable concern. In this review article, the state-of-the-art research status on the environmental transformation of CPs, including thermal decomposition, photolytic and photocatalytic degradation, biological metabolism, and atmospheric transformation, was summarized and integrated in detail. The degradation efficiency and transformation products of CPs in these environmental processes were evaluated, in which dechlorination was considered as the major reaction pathway. Notably, waste incineration of CPs has been demonstrated to generate a variety of persistent chlorinated aromatic hydrocarbons such as polychlorinated biphenyls and polychlorinated naphthalenes, which have more significant environmental impacts. Additionally, photodegradation and photocatalysis are suggested as the feasible techniques for efficient removal of SCCPs from water matrices. Overall, the current transformation studies of CPs could facilitate the comprehensive understanding of their environmental behaviors and fate as well as the development of promising remediation strategies for pollution control.
Topics: China; Environmental Monitoring; Environmental Pollution; Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated; Paraffin; Polychlorinated Biphenyls
PubMed: 33475920
DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-12469-w -
Chemosphere Aug 2019Chlorinated paraffins (CPs) are complex mixtures of polychlorinated n-alkanes of different chain length. Despite their environmental relevance, quantification is still a...
Chlorinated paraffins (CPs) are complex mixtures of polychlorinated n-alkanes of different chain length. Despite their environmental relevance, quantification is still a challenge. Moreover, the individual structures of the molecules in technical CP mixtures are largely unknown. Here, we synthesized 21 and studied 29 single chain length CP mixtures ranging from C- to C-CPs with different chlorine contents between 41.8% and 62.6% Cl and analyzed them by means of nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR). Discrete ranges of chemical shifts were observed in one-dimensional H and C NMR spectra. Two dimensional heteronuclear single quantum coherence spectroscopy (HSQC) enabled to assign nine substructures. These measurements also verified the presence of [-CCl-] groups and chlorine atoms on terminal carbons in highly chlorinated (>59% Cl) mixtures. H NMR spectra of different chain length and the same degree of chlorination looked virtually the same. However, with increasing degree of chlorination the observed patterns in the spectra were slightly shifted downfield. Based on these findings, a calculation mode was developed to estimate the chlorine content (%) of the single chain length CP mixtures. The results agreed well (<0.9% mean deviation) with parallel measurements by elemental analysis.
Topics: Alkanes; Chlorine; Halogenation; Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; Paraffin
PubMed: 31075639
DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.04.094 -
Annales de Pathologie 1989
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Food Chemistry Mar 2024Accurate assessment of industrial paraffin contamination levels (IPCLs) in rice is critical for food safety. However, time-consuming and labor-intensive experiments to...
Accurate assessment of industrial paraffin contamination levels (IPCLs) in rice is critical for food safety. However, time-consuming and labor-intensive experiments to produce labels for targeted adulterated rice have hindered the development of IPCL estimation methods. In this paper, a transfer learning method (TCA-LSSVR) has been developed. The algorithm integrates transfer component analysis (TCA) with domain adaptive capabilities to produce accurate estimates. Rice from 7 different regions and 3 industrial paraffins were used to generate 4,680 samples from 9 datasets for benchmarking. The test results showed that the established algorithm achieved good estimation performance in various modelling strategies, and only 20 % of off-site samples were needed to supplement the source dataset, the average determination coefficient R reached 0.7045, the average RMSE reached 0.140 %, and the average RPD reached 2.023. This work highlights the prospect of rapidly developing a new generation of adulteration detection algorithms using only previous trial data.
Topics: Paraffin; Oryza; Food Contamination; Food Safety; Algorithms
PubMed: 37837682
DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.137682 -
Environment International May 2022Even though the chlorinated paraffins (CPs) have been on the environmental pollution agenda throughout the last 50 years it is a class of chemicals that only now is... (Review)
Review
Even though the chlorinated paraffins (CPs) have been on the environmental pollution agenda throughout the last 50 years it is a class of chemicals that only now is discussed in terms of an emerging issue with extensive annual publication rates. Major reviews on CPs have been produced, but a deeper understanding of the chemical fate of CPs, including formation of metabolites in animals and humans, is still missing. Thus, the present review aims to critically compile our present knowledge on the disposition, i.e. Adsorption, Disposition, Metabolism, and Excretion (ADME) of CPs in biota and to identify research needs. We conclude that CPs could be effectively absorbed from the gastro-intestinal tract (GI) tract, and probably also from the lungs, and transported to various organs. A biphasic elimination is suggested, with a rapid initial phase followed by a terminal phase, the latter (e.g., fat tissues) covering half-lives of weeks and months. CPs are metabolized in the liver and excreted mainly via the bile and faeces, and the metabolic rate and type of metabolites are dependent on chlorine content and chain length. Results that strengthen CP metabolism are in vivo findings of phase II metabolites in bile, and CP degradation to carbon fragments in experimental animals. Still the metabolic transformations of CPs are poorly studied, and no metabolic scheme has yet been presented. Further, toxicokinetic mass balance calculations suggest that a large part of a given dose (not found as parent compound) is transformation products of CPs, and in vitro metabolism studies present numerous CP metabolites (e.g., chloroalkenes, chlorinated ketones, aldehydes, and carboxylic acids).
Topics: Animals; China; Chlorine; Environmental Monitoring; Environmental Pollution; Humans; Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated; Paraffin
PubMed: 35447436
DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2022.107195 -
The Turkish Journal of Pediatrics 2006Fire-eater's pneumonia is a distinct type of chemical pneumonitis that results from aspiration of different types of hydrocarbons. This article describes a case of...
Fire-eater's pneumonia is a distinct type of chemical pneumonitis that results from aspiration of different types of hydrocarbons. This article describes a case of fire-eater's pneumonia due to accidental aspiration of liquid paraffin. The adolescent patient became febrile the day after the accident. The diagnosis of fire-eater's pneumonia was delayed because aspiration history was not divulged by the patient from the beginning. The most prominent chest X-ray finding was multiple pneumatoceles. He responded well to antibiotics and corticosteroids. Two months after the accident, the lesions had almost completely resolved and only minor scarring was evident. Diagnosis of fire-eater's pneumonia can be difficult, especially if key aspects of related history are not divulged by the patient. Corticosteroid therapy was thought to be beneficial in the rapid recovery of the present case together with broad spectrum antibiotics.
Topics: Adolescent; Humans; Inhalation; Lung Injury; Male; Paraffin; Pneumonia; Self-Injurious Behavior
PubMed: 16562794
DOI: No ID Found -
Environment International 2016Chlorinated paraffins (CPs), complex mixtures of polychlorinated alkanes, are widely used in various industries and are thus ubiquitous in the receiving environment. The... (Review)
Review
Chlorinated paraffins (CPs), complex mixtures of polychlorinated alkanes, are widely used in various industries and are thus ubiquitous in the receiving environment. The present study comprehensively reviewed the occurrence, fate and ecological risk of CPs in various environmental matrices in Asia. Releases from the production and consumption of CPs or CP-containing materials, wastewater discharge and irrigation, sewage sludge application, long-range atmospheric transport and aerial deposition have been found to be most likely sources and transport mechanisms for the dispersion of CPs in various environmental matrices, such as air, water, sediment, soil and biota. CPs can be bioaccumulated in biota and biomagnified through food webs, likely causing toxic ecological effects in organisms and posing health risks to humans. Inhalation, dust ingestion and dietary intake are strongly suggested as the major routes of human exposure. Research gaps are discussed to highlight the perspectives of future research to improve future efforts regarding the analysis of CPs, the environmental occurrence and elimination of CPs, the total environmental pressure, and the risks to organisms and populations.
Topics: Asia; Environment; Environmental Monitoring; Environmental Pollutants; Humans; Paraffin; Risk Factors; Sewage; Soil; Wastewater
PubMed: 27132163
DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2016.04.002 -
Chemosphere Jan 2022Chlorinated paraffins (CPs) are chemicals with multipurpose applications. Their global production has increased despite their adverse impacts on the environment and... (Review)
Review
Chlorinated paraffins (CPs) are chemicals with multipurpose applications. Their global production has increased despite their adverse impacts on the environment and human health. In 2017, short-chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs) were listed as persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in the Stockholm Convention. Yet, specific exemptions were granted for their applications despite the recycling prohibition for products containing SCCPs. Therefore, we aimed to produce the first Brazilian inventory of SCCPs following its respective guidance to evaluate the applicability of the SCCP inventory guidance and to provide technical insights regarding SCCPs in the update of the Brazilian National Implementation Plan (NIP). Moreover, we performed a review of SCCP occurrence in Brazil to fulfil data gaps in the inventory development. We identified and consulted nationwide stakeholders and assessed foreign trade data of CPs and products that might contain CPs in relevant amounts. The Brazilian production of CPs was discontinued in 1994. However, CPs are still imported and used in the country. CPs have been mostly applied as plasticizers, flame retardants and lubricants in Brazil. The import of products containing CPs also pose a significant route of CP entrance into Brazil. Thus, the current end-of-life management of CP-containing products is a bottleneck towards the Convention implementation. The guidance application was feasible and useful despite the low engagement of stakeholders. To assess foreign trade of CPs and CP-containing products, we recommend the use of more specific tracking codes. Besides, the review of SCCP occurrence is not a demanded part for an inventory but was a useful complementation.
Topics: Brazil; China; Environmental Monitoring; Humans; Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated; Paraffin
PubMed: 34826954
DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.132344 -
Revue de Pathologie Generale Et de... Jun 1959
Topics: Hydrocarbons; Paraffin
PubMed: 13836903
DOI: No ID Found -
Chemosphere Oct 2015Concerns about the high production volumes, persistency, bioaccumulation potential and toxicity of chlorinated paraffin (CP) mixtures, especially short-chain CPs... (Review)
Review
Concerns about the high production volumes, persistency, bioaccumulation potential and toxicity of chlorinated paraffin (CP) mixtures, especially short-chain CPs (SCCPs), are rising. However, information on their levels and fate in the environment is still insufficient, impeding international classifications and regulations. This knowledge gap is mainly due to the difficulties that arise with CP analysis, in particular the chromatographic separation within CPs and between CPs and other compounds. No fully validated routine analytical method is available yet and only semi-quantitative analysis is possible, although the number of studies reporting new and improved methods have rapidly increased since 2010. Better cleanup procedures that remove interfering compounds, and new instrumental techniques, which distinguish between medium-chain CPs (MCCPs) and SCCPs, have been developed. While gas chromatography coupled to an electron capture negative ionisation mass spectrometry (GC/ECNI-MS) remains the most commonly applied technique, novel and promising use of high resolution time of flight MS (TOF-MS) has also been reported. We expect that recent developments in high resolution TOF-MS and Orbitrap technologies will further improve the detection of CPs, including long-chain CPs (LCCPs), and the group separation and quantification of CP homologues. Also, new CP quantification methods have emerged, including the use of mathematical algorithms, multiple linear regression and principal component analysis. These quantification advancements are also reflected in considerably improved interlaboratory agreements since 2010. Analysis of lower chlorinated paraffins (
Topics: Chromatography, Gas; Environment; Environmental Monitoring; Environmental Pollutants; Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated; Mass Spectrometry; Paraffin; Principal Component Analysis
PubMed: 26042608
DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.05.045