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Journal of Electron Microscopy Technique Aug 1989Paraganglia are associated with every branch of the rat vagus nerve except the pharyngeal branch. Some of the paraganglia closely resemble the glomus caroticum, whereas... (Review)
Review
Paraganglia are associated with every branch of the rat vagus nerve except the pharyngeal branch. Some of the paraganglia closely resemble the glomus caroticum, whereas others appear like small, intensely fluorescent (SIF) cells of autonomic ganglia. The paraganglionic cells of SIF cell-like bodies (SLB) store catecholamines (the most abundant is probably noradrenaline) and in some cases neurotensin. The innervation pattern of SLB is variable and their physiological role remains unclear. Paraganglionic cells of glomus-like bodies (GLB) predominantly store dopamine and probably also to a lesser extent noradrenaline. These putative chemoreceptor organs receive sensory innervation from nodose ganglion neurons as revealed by degeneration experiments and by anterograde neuronal tracing. Substance P- and calcitonin gene-related peptide-immunoreactive fibres seen in the region of vascular entry into the GLB may account for some of these sensory fibres, but the peptide/classical transmitter stored in sensory terminals synapsing on paraganglionic cells is unknown. Ultrastructural immunocytochemistry revealed vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP)-immunoreactive fibres lying in the interstitial space between paraganglionic cells and large capillaries. These fibres may originate from VIP-immunoreactive neurons, being frequently attached to GLB. The major difference between GLB and the glomus caroticum concerns their blood supply and related innervation: Arteries and arterioles do not penetrate into GLB and, accordingly, noradrenaline- and neuropeptide Y-containing nerve fibres are lacking within GLB. This peculiar arrangement of paraganglionic parenchyma and arterial blood supply may be one of the reasons for the different physiological properties of vagal and carotid arterial chemoreceptors.
Topics: Amines; Animals; Chemoreceptor Cells; Chromaffin System; Immunohistochemistry; Paraganglia, Chromaffin; Peptides; Rats; Vagus Nerve
PubMed: 2671304
DOI: 10.1002/jemt.1060120407 -
Progress in Histochemistry and... 1988
Review
Topics: Adrenal Medulla; Animals; Chromaffin System; Humans; Immunohistochemistry; Neuropeptides; Paraganglia, Chromaffin; Paraganglia, Nonchromaffin
PubMed: 3051130
DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6336(88)80010-x -
The Journal of Urology Mar 1978Normal paraganglia containing high amounts of catecholamines are a constant feature of the wall of the bladder in elderly men. The paraganglia in this location might...
Normal paraganglia containing high amounts of catecholamines are a constant feature of the wall of the bladder in elderly men. The paraganglia in this location might give rise to pheochromocytomas. The importance of the local endocrine effects in the regulation of the muscular tone in the bladder is discussed.
Topics: Chromaffin System; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Muscle Tonus; Muscle, Smooth; Paraganglia, Chromaffin; Urinary Bladder
PubMed: 642088
DOI: 10.1016/s0022-5347(17)57483-2 -
Archives of Pathology & Laboratory... Apr 2021The identification of paraganglia (PG) in the gallbladder (GB) is infrequent, and easily overlooked as it is not something routinely reported. Occasionally they may be...
CONTEXT.—
The identification of paraganglia (PG) in the gallbladder (GB) is infrequent, and easily overlooked as it is not something routinely reported. Occasionally they may be misinterpreted as neoplastic cells, such as low-grade carcinomas, germ cell tumors, or because of their close resemblance to neuroendocrine cells, as low-grade neuroendocrine neoplasms.
OBJECTIVE.—
To evaluate the incidence and histological features of PG of the GB in patients that underwent cholecystectomy, and discuss the potential misinterpretation of these benign structures as clusters of neoplastic cells.
DESIGN.—
A retrospective study of cholecystectomy specimens performed during a 6-month period were reviewed for identification of PG. Immunohistochemical studies for chromogranin, synaptophysin, S100, and cytokeratin AE1/AE3 were performed in selected cases.
RESULTS.—
A total of 365 GBs were reviewed and in 16 cases (4.4%) PG was identified within the subserosal connective tissue of the GB wall or cystic duct adjacent to small capillaries, nerves, and ganglia. They consisted of well-demarcated, lobular structures ranging in size from 0.2 to 0.5 cm, which were predominantly composed of chief cells, with strong expression for chromogranin and synaptophysin and negative CKAE1/AE3, and a minor component of S100-positive sustentacular cells.
CONCLUSIONS.—
PG is an uncommon finding with a prevalence of 4.4% in our study. Awareness of their location, histologic features, and immunohistochemical profile may help practicing pathologists to confirm their benign nature, avoid a misdiagnosis of malignancy, and prevent unnecessary diagnostic work-up and treatment.
Topics: Adult; Aged; Biomarkers; Cholecystectomy; Diagnosis, Differential; Female; Gallbladder; Gallbladder Neoplasms; Humans; Immunohistochemistry; Incidental Findings; Male; Middle Aged; Paraganglia, Chromaffin; Predictive Value of Tests; Retrospective Studies
PubMed: 32886744
DOI: 10.5858/arpa.2020-0041-OA -
International Journal of Surgical... Aug 2011Two cases are presented in which microscopic groups of retroperitoneal paraganglionic cells simulated metastatic seminomatous tumor. Both patients had histories of mixed...
Two cases are presented in which microscopic groups of retroperitoneal paraganglionic cells simulated metastatic seminomatous tumor. Both patients had histories of mixed testicular germ cell tumor with abdominal metastases and had been treated with chemotherapy. Persistent retroperitoneal disease was favored on follow-up imaging studies. Subsequent retroperitoneal lymph node dissection disclosed multifocal epithelioid cell groups with clear/vacuolated cytoplasm in the fibroconnective and adipose tissue, ranging from 1.0 to 3.0 mm in size. These cell groups were initially interpreted as recurrent metastatic seminoma, but were later reinterpreted as paraganglionic cells, which were confirmed by immunohistochemical analysis. The pathologic features for distinguishing paraganglionic cells from metastatic seminoma are discussed. Awareness of the presence of paraganglia and their distinction from metastatic disease is of practical importance in avoiding an overdiagnosis of malignancy and assuring proper patient management.
Topics: Adult; Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols; Biomarkers; Chromogranins; Diagnosis, Differential; Humans; Male; Neoplasm Metastasis; Neoplasms, Germ Cell and Embryonal; Paraganglia, Nonchromaffin; Retroperitoneal Space; Seminoma; Synaptophysin; Teratoma; Testicular Neoplasms; Young Adult
PubMed: 20643666
DOI: 10.1177/1066896909360802 -
Paraganglia of the prostate. Location, frequency, and differentiation from prostatic adenocarcinoma.The American Journal of Surgical... Apr 1994In contrast to paraganglia of the urinary bladder, prostatic paraganglia have been largely unreported. Following the discovery of paraganglia in two separate radical...
In contrast to paraganglia of the urinary bladder, prostatic paraganglia have been largely unreported. Following the discovery of paraganglia in two separate radical prostatectomy specimens, we reviewed 100 randomly selected radical prostatectomy specimens to document the location and frequency of prostatic paraganglia. Twelve additional paraganglia were identified in eight resections, for a total of 14 paraganglia in 10 cases. Most paraganglia were located in or adjacent to lateral neurovascular bundles and, rarely, in lateral prostatic stroma. The size of paraganglia ranged from 0.1 to 1.7 mm (median 0.9 mm). Paraganglia consisted of clusters of cells in patterns that ranged from lobular to diffuse, usually with a prominent stromal vascular component. The cells contained bland oval nuclei and clear cytoplasm, which was often abundant. Occasionally, larger cells with larger nuclei were present. Immunohistochemical stains for chromogranin, neuron-specific enolase, and synaptophysin were positive; those for prostatic-specific antigen were uniformly negative. In one of our cases, histologic similarity was noted between a paraganglion and an adjacent prostatic adenocarcinoma with a "hypernephroid" pattern. Recognition of prostatic paraganglia, with appropriate immunohistochemical stains when necessary, will obviate the possibility of confusing these structures with prostatic adenocarcinoma.
Topics: Adenocarcinoma; Chromogranins; Diagnosis, Differential; Humans; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Paraganglia, Chromaffin; Phosphopyruvate Hydratase; Prostate; Prostatic Neoplasms; Synaptophysin
PubMed: 8141432
DOI: No ID Found -
Journal of the Endocrine Society Feb 2022Pheochromocytomas and paragangliomas (PPGLs) are rare neuroendocrine tumors arising from chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla or extra-adrenal paraganglia,... (Review)
Review
Pheochromocytomas and paragangliomas (PPGLs) are rare neuroendocrine tumors arising from chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla or extra-adrenal paraganglia, respectively. PPGLs have the highest degree of heritability among endocrine tumors. Currently, ~40% of individuals with PPGLs have a genetic germline and there are at least 12 different genetic syndromes related to these tumors. Metastatic PPGLs are defined by the presence of distant metastases at sites where chromaffin cells are physiologically absent. Approximately 10% of pheochromocytomas and ~40% of sympathetic paragangliomas are linked to metastases, explaining why complete surgical resection is the first-choice treatment for all PPGL patients. The surgical approach is a high-risk procedure requiring perioperative management by a specialized multidisciplinary team in centers with broad expertise. In this review, we summarize and discuss the most relevant aspects of perioperative management in patients with pheochromocytomas and sympathetic paragangliomas.
PubMed: 35128297
DOI: 10.1210/jendso/bvac004 -
Clinics and Research in Hepatology and... Apr 2022Paragangliomas are extra-adrenal pheochromocytomas that arise from chromaffin cells in the sympathetic or parasympathetic neural paraganglia. Surgery remains the only...
Paragangliomas are extra-adrenal pheochromocytomas that arise from chromaffin cells in the sympathetic or parasympathetic neural paraganglia. Surgery remains the only curative treatment, although prominent vascularity can make excision difficult. We have recently encountered a patient with a retropancreatic celio-mesenteric paraganglioma unusually located between celiac trunk (CT) and superior mesenteric artery.
Topics: Adrenal Gland Neoplasms; Humans; Mesentery; Paraganglioma; Pheochromocytoma
PubMed: 35038577
DOI: 10.1016/j.clinre.2022.101866