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The Journal of Urology Jun 1975A normal paraganglion was discovered incidentally in prostatic fragments resected for nodular prostatic hyperplasia.
A normal paraganglion was discovered incidentally in prostatic fragments resected for nodular prostatic hyperplasia.
Topics: Age Factors; Aged; Chromaffin System; Humans; Hyperplasia; Male; Paraganglia, Chromaffin; Paraganglioma; Prostatic Diseases; Prostatic Neoplasms; Urinary Bladder Neck Obstruction; Urogenital System
PubMed: 1152165
DOI: 10.1016/s0022-5347(17)59604-4 -
International Journal of Surgical... Dec 2011Paraganglia are an uncommon but previously reported finding in the genitourinary system. Recognition of this entity in the prostate is important in distinguishing it...
Paraganglia are an uncommon but previously reported finding in the genitourinary system. Recognition of this entity in the prostate is important in distinguishing it from prostatic adenocarcinoma. In this series, 1230 radical prostectomy specimens were examined for the presence of paraganglia, and a total of 57 cases (4.5%) were found to contain paraganglia. The majority of paraganglia were extraprostatic and could easily mimic extension of prostatic adenocarcinoma into extraprostatic tissue. It is important to recognize paraganglia, particularly when they are extraprostatic and could confer a falsely higher tumor stage to the patient. The paraganglia demonstrated characteristic histology, and immunohistochemistry was supportive when enough tissue was available. No association between patient age and frequency of paraganglia was found.
Topics: Adenocarcinoma; Aged; Diagnostic Errors; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Neoplasm Invasiveness; Neoplasm Staging; Paraganglia, Nonchromaffin; Prostatectomy; Prostatic Neoplasms
PubMed: 21791487
DOI: 10.1177/1066896911414567 -
Surgery Feb 1972
Topics: Adult; Aged; Carotid Body Tumor; Female; Humans; Lung Neoplasms; Lymphatic Metastasis; Male; Middle Aged; Paraganglia, Nonchromaffin; Paraganglioma, Extra-Adrenal; Retroperitoneal Neoplasms
PubMed: 4333402
DOI: No ID Found -
The Laryngoscope Jan 1974
Comparative Study
Topics: Cell Nucleus; Connective Tissue; Cytoplasm; Epithelial Cells; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Laryngeal Neoplasms; Laryngeal Nerves; Paraganglia, Nonchromaffin; Paraganglioma, Extra-Adrenal; Trachea; Tracheal Neoplasms
PubMed: 4359165
DOI: 10.1288/00005537-197401000-00009 -
Zentralblatt Fur Pathologie Feb 1994This is the first full-scale analysis on the paraganglia of the urinary bladder (PUB) by means of histological examination of a large number of autopsy cases. PUB were... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
This is the first full-scale analysis on the paraganglia of the urinary bladder (PUB) by means of histological examination of a large number of autopsy cases. PUB were demonstrated by routine histology in 51.8% of the cases examined. PUB were present in any portion of the urinary bladder as well as in any layer of its mural structure. Immunohistochemistry revealed strong to moderate positivity for chromogranin A and neuron-specific enolase, respectively. A moderate immunoreactivity for S 100 protein was demonstrated in the sustentacular cells of PUB. There has been a statistically significant male preponderance in the incidence of PUB. Contrary to the general consensus, PUB degenerate very slowly throughout the entire lifetime. Middle-aged and elderly subjects suffering from chronic lung diseases exhibit a statistically significant increase in the incidence of PUB, suggesting chronic hypoxemia as a stimulant for the persistence of PUB.
Topics: Age Factors; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Autopsy; Child, Preschool; Chromogranin A; Chromogranins; Female; Histological Techniques; Humans; Immunohistochemistry; Incidence; Male; Middle Aged; Paraganglia, Chromaffin; Paraganglioma; Phosphopyruvate Hydratase; S100 Proteins; Sex Factors; Urinary Bladder; Urinary Bladder Neoplasms
PubMed: 8161494
DOI: No ID Found -
Bulletin of the World Health... 1976This classification is arranged in two parts in order to take into account the different origins, structures, and functions of the cortex and medulla. The tabular...
This classification is arranged in two parts in order to take into account the different origins, structures, and functions of the cortex and medulla. The tabular classification is a simplified version of that suggested for adrenal tumours in man, and includes cortical adenoma and carcinoma, phaeochromocytoma, chemodectoma, neurofibroma, ganglioneuroma and ganglioneuroblastoma, and neuroblastoma. A detailed functional classification is not given, since the hormonal activity of many adrenal tumours in animals is less well known than it is in man. Of the tumour-like lesions listed, cortical hyperplasia is particularly important in several species.
Topics: Adrenal Gland Neoplasms; Animals; Animals, Domestic; Cattle; Chromaffin System; Dogs; Female; Horses; Male; Paraganglia, Chromaffin; Sheep
PubMed: 1086153
DOI: No ID Found -
Cytogenetic and Genome Research 2016Pheochromocytomas (PCC) and sympathetic paragangliomas (PGL) are rare neuroendocrine tumors, which derive from chromaffin cells occurring in the adrenal medulla and... (Review)
Review
Pheochromocytomas (PCC) and sympathetic paragangliomas (PGL) are rare neuroendocrine tumors, which derive from chromaffin cells occurring in the adrenal medulla and extra-adrenal sympathetic paraganglia. PCC and PGL are often benign, catecholamine-producing tumors, responsible for a myriad of symptoms that may be potentially hazardous to the patient. In contrast, nonsecreting parasympathetic PGL, derived from chief cells, develop mainly in the head and neck region. Although PCC/PGL are more commonly sporadic tumors, germline mutations are present in up to 40% of the patients, ranking these tumors among those with the highest degree of heritability. PCC/PGL are associated with a variety of hereditary syndromes, comprising genetic alterations in RET, NF1, VHL, and SDHx genes, the last 2 being involved in regulating the hypoxia pathway. Additional hypoxia pathway-related genes have been recently associated with PCC/PGL development, namely EGLN1 and EPAS1. Thus, dysregulation of the hypoxia pathway seems to play a major role in PCC/PGL development, in particular through the stabilization of hypoxia-inducible factors and the appearance of a pseudohypoxia signature. This article is focused on reviewing the tumorigenic mechanisms resultant from VHL, SDHx, EGLN1, and EPAS1 mutations, as well as the associated tumors, namely PCC/PGL, and extra manifestations such as polycythemia. In the light of the recent discoveries, hypoxia pathway molecules appear as key players in PCC/PGL development.
Topics: Cell Hypoxia; Humans; Mutation; Neovascularization, Pathologic; Paraganglioma; Pheochromocytoma
PubMed: 28231563
DOI: 10.1159/000457479 -
Experimental and Clinical Endocrinology... Feb 2019Phaeochromocytomas (PCC) and paragangliomas (PGL) are rare tumours arising from the chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla (PCC) or the paraganglia located outside the... (Review)
Review
Phaeochromocytomas (PCC) and paragangliomas (PGL) are rare tumours arising from the chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla (PCC) or the paraganglia located outside the adrenal gland (PGL). However, their incidence is likely to be underestimated; around 10% of all PCC/PGL are metastatic, with higher metastatic potential of PGLs compared to PCCs. If benign, surgery is the treatment of choice, but if metastatic, therapy is challenging. Here we review the currently existing therapy options for metastatic PCCs/PGLs including conventional chemotherapy (the original Averbuch scheme, but updated), radiopharmaceutical treatments (I-MIBG, Y- and Lu-DOTATATE) and novel targeted therapies (anti-angiogenic tyrosine kinase inhibitors and mTORC1 inhibitors), emphasising future therapeutic approaches (HIF-2α and PARP inhibitors, temozolomide alone, metronomic temozolomide, somatostatin analogues) based on the oncogenic signalling pathways related to three different clusters comprising more than 20 well-characterised PCC/PGL susceptibility genes. We suggest that targeted combination therapies including repurposed agents may offer more effective future options worthy of exploration.
Topics: Adrenal Gland Neoplasms; Humans; Neoplasm Metastasis; Pheochromocytoma
PubMed: 30235495
DOI: 10.1055/a-0715-1888 -
Journal of the Autonomic Nervous System Feb 1999Paraganglia are clusters of cells containing catecholamines (CA), mainly norepinephrine (NE) and dopamine (DA). The presence of epinephrine (E), on the other hand, has...
Paraganglia are clusters of cells containing catecholamines (CA), mainly norepinephrine (NE) and dopamine (DA). The presence of epinephrine (E), on the other hand, has only been determined by indirect methods in retroperitoneal paraganglia of newborn and aged rats. Because their location, paraganglia associated with the hepatic branch of the vagus nerve may be a possible source of CA for the liver. The main purposes of the present study were to determine CA levels and whether E can be found in the omentum minus which includes paraganglia associated with the hepatic branch of the vagus nerve, and then to study the effects of 6-hydroxydopamine and reserpine on their CA content. Twenty-four female Wistar rats were randomly ascribed to three groups receiving two intraperitoneal injections of either 6-hydroxydopamine, reserpine or saline. Twenty-four hours after the last administration the rats were anesthetized and a portion of the omentum minus was obtained. Left adrenal medulla and a liver fragment were also collected as controls. The samples were processed to be analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography and catecholamine histofluorescence. The results confirm previous reports about the presence of considerable amounts of norepinephrine and dopamine in paraganglia. Norepinephrine and dopamine in the omentum like the adrenal medulla were significantly depleted by reserpine but not by 6-hydroxydopamine treatment, suggesting that some other sources in addition to sympathetic terminals are responsible for CA in the omentum. On the contrary, both drugs reduced liver NE, consistent with the localization of this amine mainly to hepatic sympathetic terminals. Histofluorescence of the omentum revealed 2-4 paraganglia per tissue fragment. Paraganglia associated with the hepatic branch of the vagus nerve contain also E. The presence of perihepatic sources of extra-adrenal CA, and more specifically E, could be of physiological significance.
Topics: Adrenal Medulla; Adrenergic Uptake Inhibitors; Animals; Catecholamines; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Female; Injections, Intraperitoneal; Liver; Omentum; Oxidopamine; Paraganglia, Nonchromaffin; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Reserpine; Sympathectomy, Chemical; Sympatholytics; Vagus Nerve
PubMed: 10189114
DOI: 10.1016/s0165-1838(98)00184-2