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Journal of Neurocytology Aug 1981We determined the number, distribution size, and morphology of paraganglia near the glossopharyngeal, vagus, and sympathetic nerves of rats. The location of paraganglia...
We determined the number, distribution size, and morphology of paraganglia near the glossopharyngeal, vagus, and sympathetic nerves of rats. The location of paraganglia was revealed by a method that takes advantage of the comparatively high permeability of their blood vessels to Evans blue dye. Rats were fixed by vascular perfusion of glutaraldehyde 2 min after receiving an intravenous injection of Evans blue dye. Paraganglia appeared as circumscribed, intensely blue structures that were readily distinguished from unstained nerves associated with them. Similarly, some groups of small intensely fluorescent (SIF) cells in autonomic and sensory ganglia were surrounded by Evans blue at a time that other portions of the ganglia contained little detectable dye. An average of 92.5 (range 41-134) paraganglia and 41 (range 17-68) blue spots in ganglia were found in the neck, thorax and abdomen of each of 10 rats. Carotid bodies had a mean length of 601 +/- 123 micrometer, width of 275 +/- 65 micrometer, and volume of 25.1 +/- 11.2 micrometer 3 X 10(6). Other paraganglia had an average length of 168 +/- 108 micrometer, width of 77 +/- 41 micrometer, and volume of 0.87 +/- 1.55 micrometer 3 X 10(6). The total volume of paraganglion tissue averaged 128 micrometer 3 X 10(6) (range 62-215 micrometer 3 X 10(6)), 59% of which was due to paraganglia other than the carotid bodies. By using fluorescence microscopy, we verified that small catecholamine-containing cells, visible because of their yellow-green fluorescence induced by formaldehyde gas, were located in regions along nerves and within ganglia that contained extravascular dye, visible because of its red fluorescence. Electron-microscopic studies confirmed that blue-stained organs (presumptive paraganglia) associated with the superior laryngeal nerve and other branches of the vagus nerve contained cells morphologically similar to glomus cells of the carotid body. Celiac ganglia contained, in addition, some cells similar to chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla. Paraganglia (but not in SIF cells in ganglia) were encapsulated by layers of perineurium, which may constitute a barrier to diffusion. Tortuous thin-walled blood vessels, some with a fenestrated endothelium, were present in all paraganglia examined and were near most groups of SIF cells in ganglia. Neural connections of the small catecholamine-containing cells varied. Most nerve terminals on cells in paraganglia resembled sensory nerve endings on glomus cells of the carotid body, although some were morphologically similar to preganglionic nerves on chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla.
Topics: Alcian Blue; Animals; Carotid Body; Evans Blue; Glossopharyngeal Nerve; Male; Methylene Blue; Microscopy, Electron; Paraganglia, Nonchromaffin; Permeability; Rats; Sympathetic Nervous System; Vagus Nerve
PubMed: 7310468
DOI: 10.1007/BF01262593 -
American Journal of Otolaryngology 1986Recurrent laryngeal nerves (RLNs) from human autopsy material were collected and prepared for light microscopy. Within five of eight investigated RLNs, paraganglia-like...
Recurrent laryngeal nerves (RLNs) from human autopsy material were collected and prepared for light microscopy. Within five of eight investigated RLNs, paraganglia-like organs were found, the mean cross-sectional area of which was estimated to be 0.03 mm2. These organs were composed of cells resembling the type I and type II cells of the carotid body. The possible function of laryngeal nerve paraganglia is discussed.
Topics: Cell Nucleolus; Cell Nucleus; Cytoplasm; Humans; Laryngeal Nerves; Paraganglia, Nonchromaffin; Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve
PubMed: 3777359
DOI: 10.1016/s0196-0709(86)80026-6 -
The Journal of Comparative Neurology May 1985This experiment analyzed the organization of the rat abdominal vagus. To spare delicate tissues and preserve positional information, untrimmed blocks of the...
This experiment analyzed the organization of the rat abdominal vagus. To spare delicate tissues and preserve positional information, untrimmed blocks of the subdiaphragmatic viscera (N = 22) were fixed, impregnated by using a pyridine-silver protocol, and double embedded. Each block was sectioned transversely at 7 micron, and a section every 70 micron from the diaphragm to the cardia was analyzed. The features of the section were traced and digitized for computer reconstruction. Included in the measurements were sizes and locations of bundles, fascicles, and paraganglia. The anterior and posterior vagi were consistently distinctive in size, distribution, cross-sectional shape, and paraganglionic content. In the most common pattern (41% of animals), the anterior trunk coursed longitudinally on the ventral surface of the esophagus, giving off at successively more distal levels the hepatic branch, the accessory coeliac branch and then the bundles of the anterior gastric branch. The posterior trunk separated into a coeliac branch and a posterior gastric branch, each consisting of numerous bundles, in the most distal quarter of the esophagus. Fifty-nine percent of all animals exhibited one or more significant variations in vagal organization (e.g., double primary trunks--41%, supernumerary branches--18%, or atypical branching sequences--9%). Four to 14 vagal paraganglia (mean = 8 +/- 1; equivalent to 32/rat, corrected for sampling) were found in each animal, and no branch was consistently devoid of paraganglia. Ninety-four percent of the paraganglia were located at nerve branch points. Some of the larger paraganglia contained at their central poles one to six neurons with soma diameters ranging from 14 to 22 micron.
Topics: Animals; Chromaffin System; Liver; Male; Paraganglia, Chromaffin; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Stomach; Vagus Nerve
PubMed: 3998208
DOI: 10.1002/cne.902350204 -
Archives of Pathology & Laboratory... May 1980Paraganglia found in the subserosa of nine of ten surgically removed gallbladders had morphologic features and staining characteristics similar to those of other sites....
Paraganglia found in the subserosa of nine of ten surgically removed gallbladders had morphologic features and staining characteristics similar to those of other sites. Although they were not difficult to locate in subserial sections, their sparseness and smallness explains the rarity with which they have been encountered in the routine histologic gallbladder examination. The strong, finely granular argyrophilia of the chief cell cytoplasm in all of the glomera studied offer a simple means of identifying them when only a portion of the structure is viewed.
Topics: Adult; Female; Gallbladder; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Paraganglia, Nonchromaffin; Staining and Labeling
PubMed: 6154446
DOI: No ID Found -
Cureus Apr 2024Paragangliomas are neuroendocrine tumors that arise from the embryonic neural crest cells of the extra-adrenal chromaffin and non-chromaffin cellular system....
Paragangliomas are neuroendocrine tumors that arise from the embryonic neural crest cells of the extra-adrenal chromaffin and non-chromaffin cellular system. Paragangliomas arising from the laryngeal paraganglia, which occur in the thyroid and larynx, are a rare subset of paragangliomas compared to the more common locations of the carotid body, vagale, jugular, and tympanic paragangliomas. The preoperative diagnosis of both thyroid and laryngeal paragangliomas may pose a challenge due to cytological, pathological, and imaging non-specificity that overlaps with many other neoplasms. These lesions may be associated with significant intraoperative bleeding and complicated excision with adherence to nearby structures, including the recurrent laryngeal nerve. This article discusses the imaging appearance, pathological features, clinical and operative considerations and manifestations, and management of head and neck paragangliomas, as seen in two patients at our institution.
PubMed: 38707127
DOI: 10.7759/cureus.57613 -
Frontiers in Endocrinology 2023Pheochromocytoma is a rare catecholamine-producing neuroendocrine tumour originating from the chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla or extra-adrenal paraganglia....
OBJECTIVE
Pheochromocytoma is a rare catecholamine-producing neuroendocrine tumour originating from the chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla or extra-adrenal paraganglia. However, there are few bibliometric studies on Pheochromocytoma. Therefore, this study was employed to summarize the global trends and current status in pheochromocytoma by bibliometric analysis.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The Web of Science (WOS) core collection database was searched for publications relating to pheochromocytoma from 2001 to 2021. Bibliometric analysis was used to examine the data, and Microsoft Excel was utilized to create bar graphs. In addition, VOSviewer was used to carry out co-authorship analysis, co-citation analysis and co-occurrence analysis. CiteSpace was used to analyze the keywords citation bursts.
RESULTS
A total of 8,653 publications published in 1,806 journals by 38,590 authors in 6,117 organizations from 100 countries/regions were included in our study. Among them, USA was the leading countries in terms of total publications and sum of time cited, whereas Eunice Kennedy Shriver Natl Inst Child Hlth & Hum was the leading institutions. The main publications for pheochromocytoma-related articles were . Pacak karel and Eisenhofer Graeme were the main contributing authors. The studies on pheochromocytoma could be grouped into five clusters: Treatment, Mechanism, Etiology, Radiology and Hormones study. Moreover, the radiology study, etiology study and some specific keywords such germlines mutation, mesenchymal stem-cells, autophagy, neuroinflammation, neurotoxicity, and hemodynamic instability, may become the hot spots of future.
CONCLUSION
Although the number of articles on pheochromocytoma has fluctuated slightly over the past 20 years, there has been an overall upward trend. In general, precision medicine research on pheochromocytoma, especially metastatic pheochromocytoma, in terms of diagnosis, treatment, and etiology will be a hot research topic in the future. This study helps to understand the research perspectives, hot spots and trends of pheochromocytoma and provide new insight and a basis for future pheochromocytoma research quickly.
Topics: Child; Humans; Pheochromocytoma; Neuroendocrine Tumors; Adrenal Medulla; Adrenal Gland Neoplasms; Bibliometrics; Dermatitis
PubMed: 37680890
DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1167796 -
Acta Morphologica Neerlando-Scandinavica Oct 1985By means of the AChE in toto staining method retroperitoneal paraganglia and the peripheral autonomic nervous system in human fetuses have been investigated. Many small...
By means of the AChE in toto staining method retroperitoneal paraganglia and the peripheral autonomic nervous system in human fetuses have been investigated. Many small retroperitoneal paraganglia are present near the sympathetic trunks close to the sympathetic trunk ganglia. In the thoracic region small paraganglia are present in the intercostal spaces. Small splanchnic nerves entering small paraganglia have been described. In the lower sacral region no paraganglia are present. The major splanchnic nerve arises at various levels from the sympathetic trunks as well as many smaller thoracic splanchnic nerves. Intermediate ganglia are present in the major splanchnic nerve, the smaller splanchnic nerves and the communicating rami. In the sympathetic trunks many ganglia are fused. In the human fetus there exists a large variability in number and diameter of the communicating rami. Interconnecting bundles of nerve fibers between the left and right sympathetic trunks are present at all levels, but most numerous at the sacral level.
Topics: Autonomic Nervous System; Chromaffin System; Female; Fetus; Humans; Lumbosacral Region; Male; Paraganglia, Chromaffin; Retroperitoneal Space; Splanchnic Nerves; Sympathetic Nervous System; Thorax
PubMed: 3834772
DOI: No ID Found -
Laboratory Investigation; a Journal of... 1957
Topics: Chromaffin System; Humans; Lower Extremity
PubMed: 13450306
DOI: No ID Found -
The American Journal of Anatomy Jun 1976The paraganglia have been traced in surgical samples of para-aortic and pelvic retroperitoneal tissues using the formal-dehyde-induced fluorescence method for...
The paraganglia have been traced in surgical samples of para-aortic and pelvic retroperitoneal tissues using the formal-dehyde-induced fluorescence method for catecholamines. Clusters of catecholamine-storing cells were found in all (12) patients studied. Microspectrofluorometric recordings showed high amounts of catecholamine in the well-vascularized cell groups. A large proportion of the paraganglia, which are most prominent during the fetal period, also persist during postnatal life.
Topics: Adult; Aged; Catecholamines; Chromaffin System; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Paraganglia, Chromaffin
PubMed: 941850
DOI: 10.1002/aja.1001460208 -
Advances in Experimental Medicine and... 2003
Topics: Animals; Chemoreceptor Cells; Electrophysiology; Hypoxia; In Vitro Techniques; Laryngeal Nerves; Male; Paraganglia, Nonchromaffin; Rats; Rats, Wistar
PubMed: 14635673
DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-9280-2_31