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Journal of Morphology Feb 1974
Topics: Anatomy, Comparative; Animals; Axons; Catecholamines; Chromaffin System; Cricetinae; Cytoplasm; Cytoplasmic Granules; Endoplasmic Reticulum; Female; Haplorhini; Histocytochemistry; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Lysosomes; Microscopy, Electron; Microtubules; Mitochondria; Nerve Endings; Pregnancy; Rabbits; Ribosomes; Schwann Cells; Synapses; Synaptic Membranes; Synaptic Vesicles
PubMed: 4204341
DOI: 10.1002/jmor.1051420204 -
Histology and Histopathology Mar 2008The aim of the present study is to give a review of the postnatal development of peripheral chemoreceptors - carotid body, paraganglia, and pulmonary neuroendocrine... (Review)
Review
The aim of the present study is to give a review of the postnatal development of peripheral chemoreceptors - carotid body, paraganglia, and pulmonary neuroendocrine cells (PNEC) - with implications in Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS). In the postnatal period, the hypoxic chemosensitivity of the carotid body gradually develops. Changes include proliferation of type I and II cells, increased numbers of dense core vesicles and K+ channels, and modifications of neurotransmitter/neuromodulator and receptor expression. Chromaffin paraganglia show increased expression of nitric oxide synthase and neuropeptides, and increased innervation. Innervation of PNEC develops fully only in the first postnatal period, after which their density falls. The neuropeptides produced by PNEC also changes, with increased expression of calcitonin gene-related peptide and neuropeptide YY and reduced expression of calcitonin and gastrin-releasing peptide. Most of the findings in the carotid body of SIDS victims, i.e., decrease in type I cells and dense cytoplasmic granules, and increase in progenitor cells, indicates immaturity of the carotid body, which may play a role in SIDS in the form of underlying biologic vulnerability. Aorticopulmonary paraganglia hyperplasia and increase of PNEC are also found in SIDS, and may be epiphenomena of alterations of the respiratory function with a pathogenetical role in SIDS. A comprehensive view of the pathogenesis of SIDS should also arise from the integration of peripheral chemoreceptors findings with neuro- and cardiopathologic ones.
Topics: Carotid Body; Cell Proliferation; Chemoreceptor Cells; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Lung; Paraganglia, Chromaffin; Peripheral Nervous System; Sudden Infant Death
PubMed: 18072092
DOI: 10.14670/HH-23.351 -
Cardiovascular Research Jul 1971
Topics: Adult; Arteries; Carotid Arteries; Carotid Body; Chemoreceptor Cells; Collagen; Elastic Tissue; Female; Histocytochemistry; Humans; Muscle, Smooth; Myofibrils; Paraganglia, Nonchromaffin; Pressoreceptors; Thyroid Gland
PubMed: 5558727
DOI: 10.1093/cvr/5.3.303 -
Endocrine Pathology 2009The neural crest is a pluripotent population of cells that arises at the junction of the neural tube and the dorsal ectoderm. These highly migratory cells form diverse... (Review)
Review
The neural crest is a pluripotent population of cells that arises at the junction of the neural tube and the dorsal ectoderm. These highly migratory cells form diverse derivatives including neurons and glia of the sensory, sympathetic, and enteric nervous systems, melanocytes, and the bones, cartilage, and connective tissues of the face. The neural crest has long been associated with the endocrine system, although not always correctly. According to current understanding, neural crest cells give rise to the chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla, chief cells of the extra-adrenal paraganglia, and thyroid C cells. The endocrine tumors that correspond to these cell types are pheochromocytomas, extra-adrenal paragangliomas, and medullary thyroid carcinomas. Although controversies concerning embryological origin appear to have mostly been resolved, questions persist concerning the pathobiology of each tumor type and its basis in neural crest embryology. Here we present a brief history of the work on neural crest development, both in general and in application to the endocrine system. In particular, we present findings related to the plasticity and pluripotency of neural crest cells as well as a discussion of several different neural crest tumors in the endocrine system.
Topics: Brain Neoplasms; Endocrine System; Humans; Neural Crest; Neuroendocrine Tumors; Neuronal Plasticity; Pluripotent Stem Cells
PubMed: 19377845
DOI: 10.1007/s12022-009-9070-6 -
The Anatomical Record Jul 1971
Topics: Abdomen; Animals; Chromaffin System; Cytoplasmic Granules; Female; Ganglia, Autonomic; Injections, Subcutaneous; Male; Mice; Microscopy, Electron; Reserpine
PubMed: 5088400
DOI: 10.1002/ar.1091700303 -
Advances in Anatomy, Embryology, and... 2023This chapter describes the history of the carotid body (CB) and the subsequent research on its structure and function. The chronological development of ideas about its...
This chapter describes the history of the carotid body (CB) and the subsequent research on its structure and function. The chronological development of ideas about its anatomical structure as a ganglion, the first descriptions of its glandular nature as a ball of highly vascular tissue (glomus), the discovery of its neural crest origin and relevant embryological views as a true paraganglion toward a more conclusive understanding of its sensory nature as a chemoreceptor for chemical changes in blood have been consistently demonstrated. The knowledge of the CB neurochemistry, physiology and pathophysiology has progressed immensely in the past century and a large and compelling body of evidence for the presence of a neurogenic niche in the CB has accumulated over the last two decades, thus underlying its function and possibility for the development of cell replacement therapies.
Topics: Carotid Body; Chemoreceptor Cells; Paraganglia, Chromaffin; Neurogenesis
PubMed: 37946074
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-44757-0_2 -
Endocrine Reviews Feb 2024Pheochromocytomas and paragangliomas (PPGLs) are rare neuroendocrine tumors derived from neural crest cells from adrenal medullary chromaffin tissues or extra-adrenal...
Pheochromocytomas and paragangliomas (PPGLs) are rare neuroendocrine tumors derived from neural crest cells from adrenal medullary chromaffin tissues or extra-adrenal paraganglia, respectively. Although the current treatment for PPGLs is surgery, optimal treatment options for advanced and metastatic cases have been limited. Hence, understanding the role of the immune system in PPGL tumorigenesis can provide essential knowledge for the development of better therapeutic and tumor management strategies, especially for those with advanced and metastatic PPGLs. The first part of this review outlines the fundamental principles of the immune system and tumor microenvironment, and their role in cancer immunoediting, particularly emphasizing on PPGLs. We focus on how the unique pathophysiology of PPGLs, such as their high molecular, biochemical, and imaging heterogeneity and production of several oncometabolites, creates a tumor-specific microenvironment and immunologically "cold" tumors. Thereafter, we discuss recently published studies related to the reclustering of PPGLs based on their immune signature. The second part of this review discusses future perspectives in PPGL management, including immunodiagnostic and promising immunotherapeutic approaches for converting "cold" tumors into immunologically active or "hot" tumors known for their better immunotherapy response and patient outcomes. Special emphasis is placed on potent immune-related imaging strategies and immune signatures that could be used for the reclassification, prognostication, and management of these tumors to improve patient care and prognosis. Furthermore, we introduce currently available immunotherapies and their possible combinations with other available therapies as an emerging treatment for PPGLs that targets hostile tumor environments.
PubMed: 38377172
DOI: 10.1210/endrev/bnae005 -
Microanatomy of vagal body paraganglia in infancy including victims of sudden infant death syndrome.Pediatric Pathology 1989The microanatomy of vagal body paraganglia (VBP) in the cephalic segment of both vagus nerves was evaluated in an autopsy study of 32 infants one year of age or younger.... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
The microanatomy of vagal body paraganglia (VBP) in the cephalic segment of both vagus nerves was evaluated in an autopsy study of 32 infants one year of age or younger. The study group included 14 victims of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) and 18 non-SIDS cases. VBP in both groups were located at or below the lower border of the ganglion nodosum, and were histologically identical to carotid body chemoreceptors, although spatially dispersed and much smaller in size. Using a combined step and serial sectioning technique, there were no significant differences between the two groups (i.e. SIDS vs. non-SIDS) with regard to microanatomy, number, distribution and size of VBP. The proportion of chief and sustentacular cells was similar to carotid body paraganglia. For the study group as a whole, VBP were present in 89% of vagus nerves, and were typically multiple with good correlation between the number of separate paraganglia on the two sides. Small collections of ectopic parathyroid chief cells were identified in 6% of nerve segments, and histologically should be distinguished from VBP. Although the microanatomy of VBP in the SIDS group was identical to that of non-SIDS, one cannot exclude an underlying functional abnormality with autonomic malregulation.
Topics: Female; Ganglia, Parasympathetic; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Newborn, Diseases; Male; Sudden Infant Death; Vagus Nerve
PubMed: 2798265
DOI: 10.3109/15513818909022360 -
The ultrastructure of paraganglia associated with the inferior mesenteric ganglia in the guinea-pig.Cell and Tissue Research Aug 1976The paraganglia of the inferior mesenteric ganglia in the guinea-pig are composed of small chromaffin cells containing an abundance of granule-containing vesicles. The...
The paraganglia of the inferior mesenteric ganglia in the guinea-pig are composed of small chromaffin cells containing an abundance of granule-containing vesicles. The chromaffin cells are almost completely surrounded by satellite cells. In areas in which satellite cell processes do not intervene, the membranes of adjacent chromaffin cells are closely apposed and often form specialized attachment zones. The paraganglia contain a dense capillary network, the endothelial cells of which are often extremely attenuated and show areas of fenestration. The processes of chromaffin cells approach close to the capillary walls and are often bare of satellite cells covering on the side facing the capillary. Evidence has been obtained for the exocytotic release of the contents of chromaffin cell vesicles into pericapillary spaces. Synapses of cholinergic and noradrenergic axons are seen on the chromaffin cells. The cholinergic axons degenerate when the praganglia are decentralized, but the noradrenergic axons, which appear to arise from the local inferior mesenteric ganglia, remain intact. The results suggest that the paraganglia have an endocrine function.
Topics: Animals; Axons; Capillaries; Chromaffin System; Ganglia, Autonomic; Guinea Pigs; Interneurons; Mesentery; Norepinephrine; Paraganglia, Chromaffin; Parasympathetic Nervous System; Synapses
PubMed: 963733
DOI: 10.1007/BF00219704 -
Acta Physiologica Scandinavica Jul 1965
Topics: Adrenal Medulla; Animals; Catecholamines; Chromaffin System; Epinephrine; Fetus; Fluorometry; Norepinephrine; Rabbits
PubMed: 5856499
DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-1716.1965.tb04181.x