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Cell and Tissue Research Nov 1999Cells constituting the sympathoadrenal (SA) cell lineage originate from the neural crest and acquire a catecholaminergic fate following migration to the dorsal aorta.... (Review)
Review
Cells constituting the sympathoadrenal (SA) cell lineage originate from the neural crest and acquire a catecholaminergic fate following migration to the dorsal aorta. Subsequently, SA cells migrate to sites widely dispersed throughout the body. In addition to endocrine chromaffin and "small intensely fluorescent" cells in adrenal glands and in extra-adrenal tissues such as the paraganglia, this lineage also includes neurones located in sympathetic ganglia and in the adrenal gland. It is widely assumed that these cells are all derived from the same precursors, which then differentiate along divergent pathways in response to different external stimuli. During embryonic differentiation, SA cells lose some of their early traits and acquire other distinguishing features. To help understand how the lineage diverges in terms of phenotype and function, this article examines the cellular expression of a variety of "marker" proteins that characterize the individuals of the lineage. In particular, differences between adrenal medullary adrenergic and noradrenergic chromaffin cells in the expression of proteins, such as the neural adhesion molecule L1, the growth-associated protein GAP-43 and molecules involved in the secretory process, are emphasized. Factors that might differentially regulate such molecular markers in these cells are discussed.
Topics: Adrenal Glands; Animals; Biomarkers; Cell Differentiation; Cell Movement; Chromaffin Cells; Membrane Proteins; Nerve Tissue Proteins; Neural Crest; Neurons; Rats; Sympathetic Nervous System
PubMed: 10550645
DOI: 10.1007/pl00008810 -
Current Problems in Diagnostic Radiology 2002
Review
Topics: Cholesteatoma, Middle Ear; Cranial Nerve Neoplasms; Ear, Middle; Facial Nerve; Granulation Tissue; Humans; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Neurilemmoma; Paraganglia, Nonchromaffin; Paraganglioma, Extra-Adrenal; Tomography, X-Ray Computed
PubMed: 11859313
DOI: 10.1067/mdr.2002.122153 -
Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of... Jun 2011Pheochromocytoma is a tumor of the chromaffin cells in the adrenal medulla and sympathetic paraganglia, which synthesizes and secretes catecholamines. Norepinephrine,...
Pheochromocytoma is a tumor of the chromaffin cells in the adrenal medulla and sympathetic paraganglia, which synthesizes and secretes catecholamines. Norepinephrine, epinephrine, and dopamine all act on their target receptors, which causes a physiologic change in the body. High circulating levels of catecholamines can lead to severe hypertension and can have devastating effects on multiple body systems (eg, cardiovascular, cerebrovascular), and can lead to death if untreated. Although surgical treatment represents the only modality of ultimate cure, pharmacologic preoperative treatment remains the mainstay of successful outcome.
Topics: Adrenal Gland Neoplasms; Adult; Child; Dopamine; Epinephrine; Humans; Hypertension; Norepinephrine; Paraganglioma, Extra-Adrenal; Pheochromocytoma
PubMed: 21565668
DOI: 10.1016/j.ecl.2011.02.002 -
Monatsschrift Fur Ohrenheilkunde Und... Jul 1966
Topics: Carotid Body; Humans; Microcirculation; Nasal Cavity; Nasal Mucosa; Nerve Fibers; Paraganglia, Chromaffin; Paraganglia, Nonchromaffin; Turbinates
PubMed: 16114413
DOI: No ID Found -
Neuroscience Letters Dec 1991Exposure to hypercapnia (8.2 +/- 0.7% CO2) for 3 weeks failed to change the morphometric characteristics (mean cell area, nuclear, mitochondria and vesicle volume... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
Exposure to hypercapnia (8.2 +/- 0.7% CO2) for 3 weeks failed to change the morphometric characteristics (mean cell area, nuclear, mitochondria and vesicle volume density) of the recurrent laryngeal nerve paraganglia of the rat. Moreover, this treatment had no effect on the dopamine and noradrenaline content of the superior and recurrent laryngeal nerves. The results are in contrast to what is found after exposure to hypoxia which increases the dopamine content and the cell area of the paraganglia and indicate that the mechanisms of the paraganglia in long-term hypoxia and hypercapnia differ.
Topics: Animals; Dopamine; Hypercapnia; Hypoxia; Laryngeal Nerves; Male; Norepinephrine; Paraganglia, Nonchromaffin; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve
PubMed: 1815149
DOI: 10.1016/0304-3940(91)90500-s -
Journal of Electron Microscopy Technique Aug 1989
Topics: Adrenal Medulla; Animals; Chromaffin System; Humans; Paraganglia, Chromaffin
PubMed: 2769433
DOI: 10.1002/jemt.1060120402 -
Endocrine Pathology 1996Clues to mechanisms regulating development and tumorigenesis may be provided by studies of unusual diseases. Beckwit-Wiedemann syndrome (BWS) is a rare congenital...
Clues to mechanisms regulating development and tumorigenesis may be provided by studies of unusual diseases. Beckwit-Wiedemann syndrome (BWS) is a rare congenital disorder apparently related to abnormal regulation of insulin-like growth factor-2 (IGF-2) production. IGF2 mRNA has been previously localized to the chief cells of extra-adrenal paraganglia and to adult, but not fetal, adrenal medulla. Expression of IGF-2 by neuroblastomas has been hypothesized to reflect extra-adrenal paraganglionic differentiation. In the adrenals of a fetus with 8W5, we have observed both increased numbers of chromaffin cells and organoid nodules resembling extra-adrenal paraganglia. Immunoreactive IGF-2 was observed in both cell types, but was also observed in chromaffin cells in the normal fetal adrenal. The findings suggest autocrine or paracrine influences of IGF-2 in regulating the number and phenotype of cells derived from sympathoadrenal precursors in the developing adrenal medulla as well as in extra-adrenal paraganglia. These results have implications for the interpretation of data from neuroblastoma studies.
PubMed: 12114797
DOI: 10.1007/BF02739833 -
Acta Physiologica Scandinavica Jun 1986The catecholamines in the recurrent and superior laryngeal nerves of the rat were assayed by high performance liquid chromatography. The nerves were shown to contain...
The catecholamines in the recurrent and superior laryngeal nerves of the rat were assayed by high performance liquid chromatography. The nerves were shown to contain high levels of dopamine (1.9 +/- 0.6 and 2.3 +/- 0.4 pmol, respectively) and noradrenaline (1.3 +/- 0.3 and 0.9 +/- 0.2 pmol, respectively). No adrenaline could be detected in any of the nerves. Reserpine markedly depleted the stores of these amines in both nerves. A significant increase in dopamine level was seen in the superior laryngeal nerve after treatment with a monoaminoxidase inhibitor, but not in the recurrent laryngeal nerve. The high levels of dopamine detected are presumably derived from endoneurial paraganglia which were demonstrated by glyoxylic acid-induced fluorescence. The source of noradrenaline is less evident, but noradrenaline is probably stored in both endoneurial paraganglia and in sympathetic nerve endings.
Topics: Animals; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Dopamine; Epinephrine; Laryngeal Nerves; Microscopy, Fluorescence; Nialamide; Norepinephrine; Paraganglia, Nonchromaffin; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve; Reserpine
PubMed: 3728052
DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-1716.1986.tb07901.x -
Modern Pathology : An Official Journal... Apr 2011Distinguishing adrenal cortical adenomas from carcinomas may be a difficult diagnostic problem. The criteria of Weiss are very useful because of their reliance on...
Distinguishing adrenal cortical adenomas from carcinomas may be a difficult diagnostic problem. The criteria of Weiss are very useful because of their reliance on histologic features. From a practical perspective, the most useful criteria to separate adenomas from carcinomas include tumor size, presence of necrosis and mitotic activity including atypical mitoses. Adrenal cortical neoplasms in pediatric patients are more difficult to diagnose and to separate adenomas from carcinomas. The diagnosis of pediatric adrenal cortical carcinoma requires a higher tumor weight, larger tumor size and more mitoses compared with carcinomas in adults. Pheochromocytomas are chromaffin-derived tumors that develop in the adrenal gland. Paragangliomas are tumors arising from paraganglia that are distributed along the parasympathetic nerves and sympathetic chain. Positive staining for chromogranin and synaptophysin is present in the chief cells, whereas the sustentacular cells are positive for S100 protein. Hereditary conditions associated with pheochromocytomas include multiple endocrine neoplasia 2A and 2B, Von Hippel-Lindau disease and neurofibromatosis I. Hereditary paraganglioma syndromes with mutations of SDHB, SDHC and SDHD are associated with paragangliomas and some pheochromocytomas.
Topics: Adrenal Gland Neoplasms; Adrenocortical Adenoma; Adrenocortical Carcinoma; Biomarkers, Tumor; Child; Diagnosis, Differential; Humans; Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia; Mutation; Necrosis; Neurofibromatosis 1; Paraganglioma, Extra-Adrenal; Pheochromocytoma; Succinate Dehydrogenase; von Hippel-Lindau Disease
PubMed: 21455202
DOI: 10.1038/modpathol.2010.126 -
Gene Jul 2023Pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma (PPGL), are rare neuroendocrine tumors arising from the adrenal medulla and extra-adrenal paraganglia, respectively. Up to about 60%...
Pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma (PPGL), are rare neuroendocrine tumors arising from the adrenal medulla and extra-adrenal paraganglia, respectively. Up to about 60% are explained by germline or somatic mutations in one of the major known susceptibility genes e.g., inNF1,RET,VHL, SDHx,MAXandHRAS. Targeted Next Generation Sequencing was performed in 14 sporadic tumors using a panel including 26 susceptibility genes to characterize the mutation profile. A total of 6 germline and 8 somatic variants were identified. The most frequent somatic mutations were found in NF1(36%), four have not been reported earlier in PCC or PGL. Gene expression profile analysis showed that NF1 mutated tumors are classified into RTK3 subtype, cluster 2, with a high expression of genes associated with chromaffin cell differentiation, and into a RTK2 subtype, cluster 2, as well with overexpression of genes associated with cortisol biosynthesis. On the other hand, by analyzing the entire probe set on the array and TCGA data, ALDOC was found as the most significantly down regulated gene in NF1-mutated tumors compared to NF1-wild-type. Differential gene expression analysis showed a significant difference between Nt - and Ct-NF1 domains in mutated tumors probably engaging different cellular pathways. Notably, we had a metastatic PCC with a Ct-NF1 frameshift mutation and when performing protein docking analysis, Ct-NF1 showed an interaction with Nt-FAK suggesting their involvement in cell adhesion and cell growth. These results show that depending on the location of the NF1-mutation different pathways are activated in PPGLs. Further studies are required to clarify their clinical significance.
Topics: Humans; Pheochromocytoma; Paraganglioma; Mutation; Adrenal Gland Neoplasms; Gene Expression Profiling
PubMed: 37062455
DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2023.147432