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The Korean Journal of Parasitology Mar 2005Eosinophil degranulation is considered to be a key effector function for the killing of helminthic worms and tissue inflammation at worm-infected lesion sites. However,...
Eosinophil degranulation is considered to be a key effector function for the killing of helminthic worms and tissue inflammation at worm-infected lesion sites. However, relatively little data are available with regard to eosinophil response after stimulation with worm-secreted products which contain a large quantity of cysteine proteases. In this study, we attempted to determine whether the degranulation of human eosinophils could be induced by the direct stimulation of the excretory-secretory products (ESP) of Paragonimus westermani, which causes pulmonary paragonimiasis in human beings. Incubation of eosinophils for 3 hr with Paragonimus-secreted products resulted in marked degranulation, as evidenced by the release of eosinophil-derived neurotoxin (EDN) in the culture supernatants. Moreover, superoxide anion was produced by eosinophils after stimulation of the ESP. The ESP-induced EDN release was found to be significantly inhibited when the ESP was pretreated with protease inhibitor cocktail or the cysteine protease inhibitor, E-64. These findings suggest that human eosinophils become degranulated in response to P. westermani-secreted proteases, which may contribute to in vivo tissue inflammation around the worms.
Topics: Animals; Cell Degranulation; Cysteine Endopeptidases; Eosinophil-Derived Neurotoxin; Eosinophils; Humans; Paragonimus westermani; Superoxides; Time Factors
PubMed: 15793357
DOI: 10.3347/kjp.2005.43.1.33 -
Chest Oct 2011Paragonimiasis is a parasitic infection endemic in Asia but uncommon in the United States. It presents most frequently with cough and hemoptysis. Pleural effusions are...
Paragonimiasis is a parasitic infection endemic in Asia but uncommon in the United States. It presents most frequently with cough and hemoptysis. Pleural effusions are common and can manifest occasionally as a pseudochylothorax, but a true chylothorax has, to our knowledge, never been reported. We report a case of a chylothorax from infection with Paragonimus westermani. The case is also unique because it occurred in a native Californian who had not traveled to Asia and was infected by eating raw crabs at a local sushi restaurant. The freshwater crabs had been imported from Asia.
Topics: Animals; Anthelmintics; California; Chylothorax; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Paragonimiasis; Paragonimus westermani; Pleural Effusion; Praziquantel; Treatment Outcome
PubMed: 21972385
DOI: 10.1378/chest.10-2168 -
Vaccines Jul 2021For epidemiological studies of infectious diseases, pathogen-specific antibody levels in an area give us essential and appropriate information. The antibodies against... (Review)
Review
For epidemiological studies of infectious diseases, pathogen-specific antibody levels in an area give us essential and appropriate information. The antibodies against pathogens are usually detected in blood, the drawing of which inconveniences people. Collection of blood increases the risk of accidental infections through blood, and it is difficult to obtain the participation of the target populations, especially the younger generation. On the other hand, urine samples, which contain a high enough level of antibodies for ELISA, can be harmlessly and easily collected and therefore have been used for epidemiological studies for diseases. The antibody examination of urine has been used for the epidemiology of parasitic diseases with a high sensitivity and specificity of serum samples. In this paper, we reviewed antibody assays with urine for seven parasitic diseases that urine diagnostic methods have reported in the past, and these are important infections included in NTDs, caused, for example, by , , , , , , , and . The easy and safe urine surveillance system might be an admirable tool for future epidemiological studies for infectious diseases.
PubMed: 34358194
DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9070778 -
Acta Tropica Jan 2009Freshwater snails (family Paludomidae, genus Paludomus) were collected from streams in Hedeniya and Peradeniya (the campus of Peradeniya University), Kandy district,...
Freshwater snails (family Paludomidae, genus Paludomus) were collected from streams in Hedeniya and Peradeniya (the campus of Peradeniya University), Kandy district, Central Province, Sri Lanka, and found to harbor rediae and cercariae of a Paragonimus sp. These larvae were identified as Paragonimus westermani by using ITS2 DNA sequences. The infection rates of P. westermani in Paludomus sp. in Hedeniya and Peradeniya were 0.1% (one of 1014) and 0.2% (two of 1006), respectively. The snail has not been identified to species in the present study. This is the first report of the snail host of Paragonimus in Sri Lanka.
Topics: Animals; Disease Vectors; Larva; Paragonimus westermani; Snails; Sri Lanka
PubMed: 18851937
DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2008.09.005 -
The New England Journal of Medicine Aug 2015
Topics: Animals; Hemoptysis; Humans; Lung; Male; Middle Aged; Paragonimiasis; Paragonimus westermani; Radiography
PubMed: 26267642
DOI: 10.1056/NEJMicm1409087 -
Acta Paediatrica Japonica : Overseas... Jun 1990In order to estimate the prevalence of Paragonimus westermani among the school children in Ulchin county, Kyungpook Province, five primary schools were selected for...
In order to estimate the prevalence of Paragonimus westermani among the school children in Ulchin county, Kyungpook Province, five primary schools were selected for sampling. The children were first examined using an intradermal test with Paragonimus antigen, Lot No. 890417, and then examined for Paragonimus eggs from sputa and stools collected from the intradermal-positive cases. In a total of 382 children examined, 53 cases or 13.9 percent revealed positive reactions for Paragonimus westermani. The sex specific rate of infection was a little higher in boys than in girls. The age specific rate of Paragonimus westermani infections varied from age to age. Paragonimus westermani was most prevalent in the 8-year-old group in both sexes and showed about the same proportion among boys and girls of each age group. A comparison of the reliability for the detection of Paragonimus eggs from intradermal positive cases in this study showed that the sputum test was more sensitive than the stool test. Summarizing the results, this study indicates that the prevalence for Paragonimus westermani is still high and the endemic foci of the fluke exists in Ulchin county, Kyungpook Province, Korea.
Topics: Animals; Child; Feces; Female; Humans; Korea; Male; Paragonimiasis; Paragonimus; Prevalence; Sputum
PubMed: 2239300
DOI: 10.1111/j.1442-200x.1990.tb00824.x -
Parasitology Research Nov 2015Dog feces containing 500 Paragonimus westermani eggs per gram were examined by the Medical General Laboratory (MGL), the simple sedimentation (SS), and the Army Medical...
Dog feces containing 500 Paragonimus westermani eggs per gram were examined by the Medical General Laboratory (MGL), the simple sedimentation (SS), and the Army Medical School III (AMS III) methods. The number of eggs per gram of feces (EPG) obtained by the MGL method was 17.2 and was significantly lower than those obtained by the SS method (324.0) and the AMS III method (505.6). When isolated P. westermani eggs were processed by the MGL method and four layers (ether, ether-fecal, formalin layers, and sediment) of the final centrifugation product were separately examined, almost 100% of eggs were found at the ether-fecal layer. Similarly, when fecal samples containing P. westermani, Paragonimus skrjabini miyazakii, Paragonimus ohirai, or Paragonimus harinasutai eggs were processed by the MGL method, more than 95% of the eggs were found in the supernatant layers. The formalin-ethyl acetate (FEA) method showed a similar tendency as the MGL method and over 90% of eggs remained in the supernatant layers. Contrary to Paragonimus eggs, 63 and 96% of Clonorchis and Metagonimus eggs were found in the sediment in the MGL method, respectively. When surfactant (Tween 80) was added to fecal solution, most of Paragonimus eggs spun down in the sediment in the MGL and FEA methods, suggesting that Paragonimus eggs have hydrophobic components on their surface. It is suggested that surfactant addition to the fecal solution should be considered when the MGL method is used for detection of Paragonimus eggs.
Topics: Animals; Dogs; Feces; Ovum; Paragonimus westermani; Parasitology
PubMed: 26243572
DOI: 10.1007/s00436-015-4632-7 -
Arzneimittel-Forschung 1984Although the pathogenesis of human infection of P. westermani is not fully elucidated, experimental infections of cats or dogs could explain the early phase of...
PATHOGENESIS
Although the pathogenesis of human infection of P. westermani is not fully elucidated, experimental infections of cats or dogs could explain the early phase of paragonimiasis. As the larvae of P. westermani penetrate the intestinal wall and localize in the peritoneal cavity there appears to be a considerable migration inside the abdominal cavity before they direct toward the chest cavity through the diaphragm. Approximately 20 days following experimental infection with metacercariae by oral route first pathological changes can be detected in the pleural cavity with turbid or haemorrhagic exudation containing also numerous pus cells. Also juvenile parasites are often found in the pleural cavity. The diaphragm is another organ that is heavily affected by penetrating larvae and by surrounding intense inflammatory reactions that develop about 25 days after infection. The worms finally get into the lung parenchyma and induce acute exudative pneumonitis and haemorrhage. They gradually mature and are encysted, thereby producing zones of active inflammation with exudate and of collagenous fibrous tissue. The worms are found usually in pairs. When grown up, these worms are often found inside the bronchial lumen lined with bronchial epithelia of squamous metaplastic character. The cysts consist of the parasite and of dense collagenous connective tissue including various inflammatory cells and eosinophils.
CLINICAL FEATURES
The most remarkable clinical feature is cough and blood-tinged sputum. In 1907 paragonimiasis was classified into 4 types: chest paragonimiasis, cerebral paragonimiasis, abdominal paragonimiasis and generalized paragonimiasis. The clinical symptoms of chest paragonimiasis are haemoptysis in some cases, and quite a few patients complain of difficulty in breathing.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Topics: Animals; Cats; Dogs; Humans; Paragonimiasis; Paragonimus
PubMed: 6542390
DOI: No ID Found -
The Journal of Parasitology Dec 1991The allergens of the lung fluke Paragonimus westermani were localized by indirect immunostaining in adult fluke sections using pleural exudates from 3 patients with P....
The allergens of the lung fluke Paragonimus westermani were localized by indirect immunostaining in adult fluke sections using pleural exudates from 3 patients with P. westermani. Immunostaining performed by using pleural exudate with the highest level of specific IgE revealed that the P. westermani major allergen (or allergens) was located in the gut epithelium and luminal contents and that minor allergens were in the tegument and parenchyma. The antigens recognized by specific IgG were located at various sites including those recognized by specific IgE. Paragonimus westermani-specific IgE cross-reacted with only the gut of 2 other Paragonimus species, Paragonimus miyazakii and Paragonimus ohirai. The major allergen in the gut also was recognized by the other 2 pleural exudates. These results indicate that the substance present in and secreted from the gut is not only a major allergen but is also a common allergen among Paragonimus species.
Topics: Allergens; Animals; Cross Reactions; Fluorescent Antibody Technique; Humans; Immunoenzyme Techniques; Immunoglobulin E; Immunoglobulin G; Paragonimiasis; Paragonimus; Pleura
PubMed: 1779297
DOI: No ID Found -
Journal of Helminthology Dec 2000The lung fluke, Paragonimus westermani (Kerbert, 1878), is widely distributed in Asia, and exhibits much variation in its biological properties. Previous phylogenetic...
The lung fluke, Paragonimus westermani (Kerbert, 1878), is widely distributed in Asia, and exhibits much variation in its biological properties. Previous phylogenetic studies using DNA sequences have demonstrated that samples from north-east Asia form a tight group distinct from samples from south Asia (Philippines, Thailand, Malaysia). Among countries from the latter region, considerable molecular diversity was observed. This was investigated further using additional DNA sequences (partial mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (COI) and the second internal transcribed spacer of the nuclear ribosomal gene repeat (ITS2)) from additional samples of P. westermani. Phylogenies inferred from these again found three or four groups within P. westermani, depending on the method of analysis. Populations of P. westermani from north-east Asia use snail hosts of the family Pleuroceridae and differ in other biological properties from populations in south Asia (that use snail hosts of the family Thiaridae). It is considered that the populations we sampled can be divided into two species, one in north-east Asia and the other in south Asia.
Topics: Animals; Asia; Base Sequence; DNA, Helminth; DNA, Mitochondrial; DNA, Ribosomal Spacer; Electron Transport Complex IV; Molecular Sequence Data; Paragonimus; Phylogeny; Polymerase Chain Reaction
PubMed: 11138020
DOI: 10.1017/s0022149x00000469