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Parasitology Today (Personal Ed.) Jan 1991The finding of triploid and diploid forms of Paragonimus westermani in Japan has caused tremendous controversy over the identity and speciation of this parasite. Should...
The finding of triploid and diploid forms of Paragonimus westermani in Japan has caused tremendous controversy over the identity and speciation of this parasite. Should these two genetically different forms be given different specific names? Hirohiso Hirai and Takeshi Agatsuma have studied the lung flukes by using cytogenetic techniques and zymodeme analysis. In this article, they briefly compare triploid P. westermani with the diploid form and develop a hypothesis for the mechanism and origin of triploidy.
PubMed: 15463378
DOI: 10.1016/0169-4758(91)90080-8 -
Parasitology Research Mar 2017Soy sauce-marinated freshwater crabs (Eriocheir japonicus) are a source of human paragonimiasis. The viability of Paragonimus westermani metacercariae (PwMc) in...
Soy sauce-marinated freshwater crabs (Eriocheir japonicus) are a source of human paragonimiasis. The viability of Paragonimus westermani metacercariae (PwMc) in marinated crabs was investigated in an experimental setting. The PwMc collected from freshwater crayfish were inoculated into freshwater crabs, which were then frozen or marinated in soy sauce. All PwMc in the freshwater crabs were inactivated after freezing for 48 h at -20 °C and after freezing for 12 h at -40 °C. After marinating for 32 days, the survival rate of PwMc in 5% NaCl soy sauce was 50%, in 7.5% NaCl soy sauce it was 33.3%, and in 10.0% NaCl soy sauce it was 31.3%. When marinated for 64 days, all PwMc were inactivated in all experimental groups. These results revealed that freezing and soy sauce marination were detrimental to the survival of PwMc in freshwater crabs. Specifically, freezing crabs for more than 48 h or soaking them in soy sauce containing at least 5.0% NaCl for 64 days can inactivate PwMc. These results can inform the production of the traditional Korean soy sauce-marinated freshwater crabs known as gejang.
Topics: Animals; Food Contamination; Food Preservation; Food Preservatives; Fresh Water; Humans; Paragonimiasis; Paragonimus westermani; Shellfish; Sodium Chloride; Soy Foods
PubMed: 28127717
DOI: 10.1007/s00436-017-5380-7 -
Journal of Parasitic Diseases :... Sep 2022Flukes from the genus Braun, 1899 are medically important foodborne trematodes predominantly occurring throughout Asian countries. Providing molecular genetic...
Flukes from the genus Braun, 1899 are medically important foodborne trematodes predominantly occurring throughout Asian countries. Providing molecular genetic characteristics based on ITS2 and partial 28 S rDNA of the paragonimids from the Russian Far East, Northeast, South, and Southeast Asian countries, we performed a partial reappraisal of species complex. Members of this complex are genetically distinct worms with different divergence times and explosive expansion during Miocene-Pliocene epochs. We confirm the taxonomic status as valid species for stat. n. (from the Russian Far East and Northern China), and (from the Philippines), which were previously considered subspecies of , and reinstated the species name (from Japan). We suggest considering the worms from South Korea the Korean variety of , because Korean specimens are sister and genetically closest to from Northeast China and Primorsky region of Russia. Worms from South (India (type 2), Sri Lanka), Southeast (Malaysia, Vietnam, Thailand (types 1 and 2)) and East Asia (Taiwan) were left in the paragonimid systematics as sp. We propose to consider Indian worms of type 1 as true , but in further revisions, due to the lack of holotype and unknown exact type locality, new type specimens (neotype) should be established.
PubMed: 36091260
DOI: 10.1007/s12639-022-01481-7 -
PeerJ 2019We present the complete mitochondrial genome of Miyazaki, 1939 and compare its features with those of previously reported mitochondrial genomes of the pathogenic...
We present the complete mitochondrial genome of Miyazaki, 1939 and compare its features with those of previously reported mitochondrial genomes of the pathogenic lung-fluke, , and other members of the genus. The circular mitochondrial DNA molecule of the single fully sequenced individual of was 14,818 bp in length, containing 12 protein-coding, two ribosomal RNA and 22 transfer RNA genes. As is common among trematodes, an gene was absent from the mitogenome of and the 5' end of overlapped with the 3' end of by 40 bp and four forms/strains of from South Korea and India, exhibited remarkably different base compositions and hence codon usage in protein-coding genes. In the fully sequenced individual, the non-coding region started with two long identical repeats (292 bp each), separated by . These were followed by an array of six short tandem repeats (STR), 117 bp each. Numbers of the short tandem repeats varied among individuals. A phylogenetic tree inferred from concatenated mitochondrial protein sequences of 50 strains encompassing 42 species of trematodes belonging to 14 families identified a monophyletic Paragonimidae in the class Trematoda. Characterization of additional mitogenomes in the genus will be useful for biomedical studies and development of molecular tools and mitochondrial markers for diagnostic, identification, hybridization and phylogenetic/epidemiological/evolutionary studies.
PubMed: 31259095
DOI: 10.7717/peerj.7031 -
Arzneimittel-Forschung 1984Since discovery of this lung fluke in 1878 by Kerbert, Paragonimus westermani has been found to occur in many parts of Asia. Recently, however, it was detected that...
Since discovery of this lung fluke in 1878 by Kerbert, Paragonimus westermani has been found to occur in many parts of Asia. Recently, however, it was detected that there exists a bisexual type and also a parthenogenetic type of the lung fluke which has been called P. westermani for a century. The natural definitive hosts other than man include a wide range of mammals. Adult worms are localized in the lungs. The eggs excreted with sputum and reaching water develop into miracidia in water. Miracidia hatch and finally enter molluscan hosts and mature to microcercous cercariae. Then, cercariae invade crustacean hosts and mature to metacercariae. When metacercariae are ingested by the definitive host, they excyst in the small intestine and migrate to the lungs via the peritoneal cavity. The circuitous route of migration allows the worms to lodge and mature in ectopic locations, too. Intermediate hosts are fairly restricted: in Korea, molluscan hosts are Semisulcospira libertina and other species of Semisulcospira depending on the endemic locality. Common crustacean hosts are Eriocheir japonicus, E. sinensis and Cambaroides similis. Human infection may result from consumption of parasitized raw freshwater crabs or crayfish, often soaked in soy bean sauce to improve taste. Recently, paragonimiasis was found to occur in individuals eating slices of wild boar meat harbouring immature P. westermani. Pigs are important paratenic hosts of P. westermani. P. westermani occurs usually in hilly and mountainous stream valleys. The parthenogenetic type is common in Korea. The bisexual type is found rarely and only in the southern part of Korea.
Topics: Animals; Antigens, Helminth; Host-Parasite Interactions; Humans; Korea; Paragonimiasis; Paragonimus; Skin Tests; Snails
PubMed: 6542389
DOI: No ID Found -
Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease Dec 2023Human pulmonary paragonimiasis, an emerging concern in North East India, frequently masquerades as pulmonary tuberculosis due to clinical and radiological similarities,...
Human pulmonary paragonimiasis, an emerging concern in North East India, frequently masquerades as pulmonary tuberculosis due to clinical and radiological similarities, leading to diagnostic challenges. This research aimed to harness the immunoblotting technique to discern immunodiagnostic protein antigens from both adult worm and excretory-secretory (ES) extracts of the prevalent type 1 in Arunachal Pradesh, North East India. We studied the time kinetics of immunoreactive patterns in relation to the duration of infection in rodent models. Immunoblot analyses were also conducted using sera from ELISA-positive patients confirmed with paragonimiasis, facilitating the selection of antigenic extracts with diagnostic potential. Further, ES protein antigens were subjected to 2D immunoblot analysis and immunoreactive protein spots identified using MALDI-TOF MS. The immunoreactivity patterns of ES antigens with sera of paragonimiasis-positive patients were detailed, and specific immunoreactive protein antigens were pinpointed using peptide mass fingerprinting (MALDI-TOF). This work underscores the enhanced diagnostic accuracy when combining ELISA with immunoblotting for pulmonary paragonimiasis in regions like North East India, marked by co-existing helminth infections.
PubMed: 38251203
DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed9010006 -
Experimental Parasitology Aug 2001
Topics: Amino Acid Sequence; Animals; Blotting, Western; Cathepsin F; Cathepsins; Cloning, Molecular; Cysteine Endopeptidases; Dogs; Immunohistochemistry; Molecular Sequence Data; Paragonimus; Sequence Alignment
PubMed: 11560415
DOI: 10.1006/expr.2001.4634 -
International Journal of Infectious... Mar 2023We report a case of pulmonary paragonimiasis diagnosed by transbronchial lung cryobiopsy (TBLC). TBLC is likely to be a superior method to transbronchial forceps biopsy...
We report a case of pulmonary paragonimiasis diagnosed by transbronchial lung cryobiopsy (TBLC). TBLC is likely to be a superior method to transbronchial forceps biopsy because TBLC can get larger specimens, resulting in a higher chance of containing the eggs. A male patient aged 57 years presented with hemoptysis and dyspnea on exertion. His initial chest computed tomography scans showed a cavitary nodule with a peripheral ground-glass appearance, leading to a prescription of an oral antibiotic, with an initial assumption of pneumonia. A follow-up chest computed tomography, however, revealed an appearance of a new nodule adjacent to the original nodule. TBLC and transbronchial forceps biopsy were done to rule out lung cancer and eventually, the eggs of Paragonimus westermani were found using TBLC. Praziquantel was prescribed, showing improvements in symptoms and chest X-ray findings. TBLC has more potential to be utilized as a diagnostic method than transbronchial forceps biopsy because it has a better chance to confirm pulmonary paragonimiasis, which can be initially suspected as pulmonary tuberculosis or lung cancer.
Topics: Animals; Male; Humans; Paragonimiasis; Lung; Paragonimus westermani; Lung Neoplasms; Thorax; Biopsy; Bronchoscopy
PubMed: 36608785
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2022.12.041 -
The British Journal of Ophthalmology Feb 1984A case of intraocular paragonimiasis is reported in a 13-year-old Chinese boy. The disease manifested as repeated attacks of acute intraocular pain associated with...
A case of intraocular paragonimiasis is reported in a 13-year-old Chinese boy. The disease manifested as repeated attacks of acute intraocular pain associated with panuveitis. A combination of inflammatory reaction and ocular findings mimicking both perforating and contusion injuries caused by the migration of the fluke within the eye characterises the infection. The living fluke was successfully extracted from the anterior chamber and identified as Paragonimus westermani.
Topics: Adolescent; Eye Diseases; Humans; Male; Paragonimiasis; Uveitis
PubMed: 6691960
DOI: 10.1136/bjo.68.2.85 -
Experimental Parasitology Mar 2000We purified cytosolic glutathione S-transferase (GST) of adult Paragonimus westermani monitoring its activity with 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (CDNB). The enzyme was...
We purified cytosolic glutathione S-transferase (GST) of adult Paragonimus westermani monitoring its activity with 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (CDNB). The enzyme was purified 18.4-fold to electrophoretic homogeneity with 21% recovery rate through a three-step procedure. The purified enzyme (Pw28GST) has a subunit molecular weight of 28 kDa with an isoelectric point at 4.6. Monoclonal antibody (anti-Pw28GST) against Pw28GST did not cross-react with GSTs from other helminths. cDNA library was constructed in lambdaZAP II bacteriophage and screened with anti-Pw28GST. The corresponding gene containing a single open reading frame of 804 bp encoded 211 amino acids. The predicted amino acid sequence exhibited a higher homology with catalytic domain near N-terminus of class sigma GSTs (58%) than with schistosome 28-kDa GSTs (45-41%) or with class sigma GSTs themselves (33-31%). The sequence contained both Tyr-6 and Tyr-10 that are highly conserved in mammalian and helminth GSTs. The apparent K(m) value of a recombinant enzyme was 0.78 mM. Both native and recombinant enzymes showed the highest activity against CDNB, relatively weak activity against ethacrynic acid and reactive carbonyls, and no activity against epoxy-3-(p-nitrophenoxy)-propane. The activities were inhibited by bromosulfophthalein, cibacron blue, and albendazole, but not by praziquantel. These findings indicate that adult P. westermani has a class sigma GST.
Topics: Amino Acid Sequence; Animals; Blotting, Northern; Chromatography, Ion Exchange; Cytosol; Dogs; Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel; Glutathione Transferase; Immunoblotting; Isoelectric Focusing; Isoenzymes; Molecular Sequence Data; Molecular Weight; Paragonimus; Recombinant Proteins; Sequence Alignment; Substrate Specificity
PubMed: 10831383
DOI: 10.1006/expr.1999.4480