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Journal of the American Academy of... Jan 2004The diagnostic value of parakeratosis is reviewed, with special emphasis on associated inflammatory tissue reaction patterns and the geometric pattern of the scale.... (Review)
Review
The diagnostic value of parakeratosis is reviewed, with special emphasis on associated inflammatory tissue reaction patterns and the geometric pattern of the scale. Parakeratosis may also occur in disorders not primarily inflammatory in nature and those associations are addressed. Topics are divided into 6 categories: parakeratosis in the settings of spongiotic and interface dermatitis, disorders in which neutrophils are a prominent feature, "patterned" parakeratosis, parapsoriasis, and disorders of keratinization. The entities considered are diverse and major diagnostic features of each are reviewed.
Topics: Diagnosis, Differential; Humans; Parakeratosis; Skin Diseases
PubMed: 14699370
DOI: 10.1016/s0190-9622(03)02801-9 -
Cutis Jun 2020
Topics: Axilla; Diagnosis, Differential; Female; Humans; Middle Aged; Parakeratosis
PubMed: 32717005
DOI: No ID Found -
Boletin de La Asociacion Medica de... 2003This is a report of a 60 year-old black female patient presenting with pruritic brownish crusted plaques on both axillae of one month evolution. Histopathology revealed... (Review)
Review
This is a report of a 60 year-old black female patient presenting with pruritic brownish crusted plaques on both axillae of one month evolution. Histopathology revealed findings characteristic of axillary granular parakeratosis. This entity was first described by Northcutt et al in 1991. Since then, involvement of other intertriginous areas have also been reported. A review of the literature was performed and the term granular parakeratosis is suggested to emphasize its pathognomonic histopathologic features.
Topics: Female; Humans; Middle Aged; Parakeratosis
PubMed: 15032029
DOI: No ID Found -
Journal of Cutaneous Medicine and... 2003Granular parakeratosis is a hyperkeratotic eruption of unknown etiology that occurs in the axilla and other intertriginous areas. The histologic features are unique for... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Granular parakeratosis is a hyperkeratotic eruption of unknown etiology that occurs in the axilla and other intertriginous areas. The histologic features are unique for the retention of keratohyalin granules in the stratum corneum.
OBJECTIVE
The aim of the article is to review the clinical manifestations and treatment of granular parakeratosis.
METHODS
A case report and literature review are presented.
RESULTS
Twenty-six cases of granular parakeratosis now have been reported and reviewed.
CONCLUSION
Granular parakeratosis occurs predominantly in middle age women and most frequently in the axilla. A number of treatments have been applied to the 26 cases reported to date, without consistent responses. No evidence-based therapy can be suggested at present.
Topics: Adapalene; Adult; Axilla; Dermatologic Agents; Female; Humans; Naphthalenes; Parakeratosis
PubMed: 14738100
DOI: 10.1007/s10227-002-0131-4 -
South Dakota Medicine : the Journal of... Oct 2021We describe a case of an 85-year-old Caucasian female who presented to the dermatology clinic with pruritic, scaly hyperpigmented papules and plaques with surrounding...
We describe a case of an 85-year-old Caucasian female who presented to the dermatology clinic with pruritic, scaly hyperpigmented papules and plaques with surrounding erythema in the left axilla. Based on the history and physical examination, there was concern for possible varicella zoster infection, and the patient was started on valacyclovir 1000 mg three times daily for seven days. A shave biopsy was taken from the left axilla to confirm a diagnosis. Microscopic examination revealed compact hyperparakeratosis with keratohyalin granules throughout the parakeratotic stratum corneum as well as admixed eosinophils within the stratum corneum. The epidermis was acanthotic with irregular hyperplasia of the rete ridges. These microscopic findings supported a diagnosis of axillary granular parakeratosis, a benign skin condition caused by a defect in epidermal differentiation. Granular parakeratosis is seemingly rare but is felt to be an underreported condition. It is important for clinicians to be aware of the disease in order to correctly identify the lesions and reassure patients of its benign nature and provide appropriate treatment recommendations.
Topics: Aged, 80 and over; Axilla; Biopsy; Female; Humans; Parakeratosis; Skin
PubMed: 34995431
DOI: No ID Found -
Clinical, Cosmetic and Investigational... 2022Granular parakeratosis is an uncommon acquired keratinization disorder that occurs in the armpit, groin, and other parts of the body. It may be related to stimulation by...
Granular parakeratosis is an uncommon acquired keratinization disorder that occurs in the armpit, groin, and other parts of the body. It may be related to stimulation by detergents and antiperspirants. This article reports a case of granular parakeratosis in the groin. The patient was a young man with no predisposing factors. The clinical manifestations included symmetrical bilateral inguinal erythema, dryness, and a small amount of bran-like desquamation. After histopathological examination, the final diagnosis was granular parakeratosis, which was cured by topical application of glucocorticoid cream and silicone oil cream. Granular parakeratosis is a rare skin disease of unknown etiology. Clinicians need to pay attention to this disease and differentiate it from various diseases to avoid misdiagnosis.
PubMed: 35874456
DOI: 10.2147/CCID.S371558 -
Archives of Dermatological Research Mar 2022It is our experience that parakeratosis with pagetosis is common in early melanoma when there is no history of trauma in the anatomical site. In lesions where the...
BACKGROUND
It is our experience that parakeratosis with pagetosis is common in early melanoma when there is no history of trauma in the anatomical site. In lesions where the differential diagnosis includes dysplastic nevus (DN) and melanoma, we hypothesize that parakeratosis may be a marker for cases in which immunohistochemistry (IHC) may identify occult pagetosis.
METHODS
We performed a retrospective case-control study on cases with a histologic differential diagnosis of DN versus melanoma, including 423 cases with parakeratosis and 125 cases without parakeratosis. IHC staining (Mart-1 and/or Sox-10) was performed in all cases. The frequency of pagetosis and diagnostic upgrades in the cases versus the controls was calculated.
RESULTS
The presence of parakeratosis was significantly associated with pagetosis (p < 0.0001). Diagnostic upgrades were more frequent in the cases with parakeratosis versus controls without parakeratosis (p = 0.0029). In the favored moderate DN group, 56% of cases were upgraded compared to 30% of the controls (p = 0.0017). In the favored mild DN and severe DN groups, there were more case upgrades compared to the controls (p = 0.1386, p = 0.2738).
CONCLUSIONS
Parakeratosis may be a useful marker to identify lesions with occult pagetosis for which IHC would be appropriate and may result in a diagnostic upgrade.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Biomarkers; Case-Control Studies; Dysplastic Nevus Syndrome; Female; Humans; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Melanoma; Middle Aged; Parakeratosis; Predictive Value of Tests; Retrospective Studies; Skin Neoplasms; Young Adult
PubMed: 33733299
DOI: 10.1007/s00403-021-02203-4 -
American Journal of Clinical Dermatology Dec 2015Granular parakeratosis (GP) is a rare, idiopathic, and benign skin condition that presents classically as erythematous to brown hyperkeratotic papules that can coalesce... (Review)
Review
Granular parakeratosis (GP) is a rare, idiopathic, and benign skin condition that presents classically as erythematous to brown hyperkeratotic papules that can coalesce into plaques. Axillary GP was initially observed by Northcutt and colleagues and has since been described in various other areas of the body including other intertriginous and non-intertriginous sites. The term "granular parakeratosis" is now used to describe not only the skin condition, but also a distinctive histological reactive pattern on biopsy specimens that are either regarded as the disease itself, or merely as an incidental finding. Upon review of the current findings, opinions, and associations of this entity, we propose the reappraisal of GP as a reactive pattern, rather than a distinct entity.
Topics: Adrenal Cortex Hormones; Axilla; Biopsy, Needle; Dermatologic Agents; Female; Humans; Immunohistochemistry; Incidence; Male; Parakeratosis; Prognosis; Rare Diseases; Risk Assessment; Severity of Illness Index; Treatment Outcome
PubMed: 26242230
DOI: 10.1007/s40257-015-0148-2 -
The British Journal of Dermatology Oct 1967
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Child; Child, Preschool; Diagnosis, Differential; Eczema; Female; Humans; Infant; Keratosis; Male; Middle Aged; Nails; Skin Diseases
PubMed: 6061563
DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.1967.tb11407.x