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Muscle & Nerve Jan 2021
Topics: Acetazolamide; Adult; Andersen Syndrome; Female; Humans; Paralyses, Familial Periodic; Paralysis
PubMed: 33094497
DOI: 10.1002/mus.27101 -
The Journal of Physiology Mar 2007The review describes the status of brain-computer or brain-machine interface research. We focus on non-invasive brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) and their clinical... (Review)
Review
The review describes the status of brain-computer or brain-machine interface research. We focus on non-invasive brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) and their clinical utility for direct brain communication in paralysis and motor restoration in stroke. A large gap between the promises of invasive animal and human BCI preparations and the clinical reality characterizes the literature: while intact monkeys learn to execute more or less complex upper limb movements with spike patterns from motor brain regions alone without concomitant peripheral motor activity usually after extensive training, clinical applications in human diseases such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and paralysis from stroke or spinal cord lesions show only limited success, with the exception of verbal communication in paralysed and locked-in patients. BCIs based on electroencephalographic potentials or oscillations are ready to undergo large clinical studies and commercial production as an adjunct or a major assisted communication device for paralysed and locked-in patients. However, attempts to train completely locked-in patients with BCI communication after entering the complete locked-in state with no remaining eye movement failed. We propose that a lack of contingencies between goal directed thoughts and intentions may be at the heart of this problem. Experiments with chronically curarized rats support our hypothesis; operant conditioning and voluntary control of autonomic physiological functions turned out to be impossible in this preparation. In addition to assisted communication, BCIs consisting of operant learning of EEG slow cortical potentials and sensorimotor rhythm were demonstrated to be successful in drug resistant focal epilepsy and attention deficit disorder. First studies of non-invasive BCIs using sensorimotor rhythm of the EEG and MEG in restoration of paralysed hand movements in chronic stroke and single cases of high spinal cord lesions show some promise, but need extensive evaluation in well-controlled experiments. Invasive BMIs based on neuronal spike patterns, local field potentials or electrocorticogram may constitute the strategy of choice in severe cases of stroke and spinal cord paralysis. Future directions of BCI research should include the regulation of brain metabolism and blood flow and electrical and magnetic stimulation of the human brain (invasive and non-invasive). A series of studies using BOLD response regulation with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and near infrared spectroscopy demonstrated a tight correlation between voluntary changes in brain metabolism and behaviour.
Topics: Animals; Brain; Communication Aids for Disabled; Humans; Movement; Paralysis; User-Computer Interface
PubMed: 17234696
DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2006.125633 -
Lancet (London, England) Sep 1948
Topics: Muscular Dystrophies; Paralyses, Familial Periodic; Paralysis
PubMed: 18934365
DOI: No ID Found -
British Medical Bulletin Sep 1956
Topics: Humans; Paralyses, Familial Periodic; Paralysis
PubMed: 13364307
DOI: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.bmb.a069556 -
The Journal of the Florida Medical... Oct 1990The periodic paralyses are a rare group of disorders which may be familial, sporadic, occur in association with hyperthyroidism or as a result of potassium loss. A... (Review)
Review
The periodic paralyses are a rare group of disorders which may be familial, sporadic, occur in association with hyperthyroidism or as a result of potassium loss. A 46-year-old otherwise healthy Filipino male is described who presented with a second episode of paroxysmal painless weakness. Examination revealed a pattern of weakness consistent with a myopathic process (symmetric/proximal). The neurologic examination was otherwise physiologic. The clinical features are described as well as the differential diagnosis, pathophysiology, and treatment. This case also demonstrates the phenomenon wherein periodic paralysis may precede clinical hyperthyroidism.
Topics: Humans; Hyperthyroidism; Hypokalemia; Male; Middle Aged; Paralysis; Periodicity; Thyrotoxicosis
PubMed: 2254729
DOI: No ID Found -
Revue de Chirurgie Orthopedique Et... 1992Eleven radial nerve paralyses, associated with supracondylar fractures of the humerus in children, are reported: 2 incomplete motor, 5 complete motor, 2 complete motor... (Review)
Review
Eleven radial nerve paralyses, associated with supracondylar fractures of the humerus in children, are reported: 2 incomplete motor, 5 complete motor, 2 complete motor and partial sensory and 2 complete motor and total sensory. The palsy was noticed before any treatment in 8 cases. In the 3 other cases, the palsy was secondary to difficult and repetitive closed reduction manoeuvers. The fractures were all of the extension type, grade III in 2 cases and IV in 9 cases. The displacement of the distal fragment was posterior and medial in 8 cases. Initial treatment of the fracture was conservative in 5 cases with 2 failures and surgical in 6 cases. Nerve function recovery always followed the same sequence: extensor muscles of the wrist, then extensor muscles of the fingers and at last, extensor muscles of the thumb. Time required for full recovery varied from 4 to 6 months. Open reduction and nerve control did not seem to be better than closed reduction with regard to the required time for neurological recovery and its quality. The indications depend on the extension of the paralysis. If radial palsy is incomplete, the first therapeutic step is closed reduction, followed by surgical reduction if not possible. A primary surgical approach is proposed in cases of complete sensory and motor paralysis because of the operative findings of contusion and incarceration of the nerve which may be aggravated by blind manoeuvers.
Topics: Child; Child, Preschool; Electromyography; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Humeral Fractures; Male; Manipulation, Orthopedic; Paralysis; Peripheral Nervous System Diseases; Radial Nerve
PubMed: 1318563
DOI: No ID Found -
The National Medical Journal of India 2003In many countries, the treatment of choice for all fevers is one or more injections. These injections are associated with a risk of nerve damage. If cases of... (Review)
Review
In many countries, the treatment of choice for all fevers is one or more injections. These injections are associated with a risk of nerve damage. If cases of poliomyelitis are not to be missed, the diagnosis of injection trauma or traumatic neuritis (TN) must be exact. The guides for distinguishing between TN and polio are not clear. It is probable that some cases of polio are misdiagnosed as TN. As three-quarters of children with paralytic polio receive injections just before the onset of paralysis, their paralysis may be mistaken for TN. Clearer guidelines are proposed, together with suggestions for better documentation of muscles injected and paralysed. All cases of reported TN should be monitored and new diagnostic guidelines published. To protect their children, mothers must be educated to understand that injections for fever can cause harm. This must be an important part of the eradication programme for poliomyelitis.
Topics: Acute Disease; Diagnosis, Differential; Fever; Humans; Injections; Neuritis; Paralysis; Poliomyelitis; Risk Factors
PubMed: 12929860
DOI: No ID Found -
Otolaryngology--head and Neck Surgery :... 1981A group of 95 patients with facial paralysis in the neonatal period are presented. In 74 patients it was believed to be secondary to trauma associated with pregnancy and...
A group of 95 patients with facial paralysis in the neonatal period are presented. In 74 patients it was believed to be secondary to trauma associated with pregnancy and delivery, and in 21 to be secondary to congenital lesions. The cause, extent, and clinical course of the paralyses are discussed. A classification is outlined to help in organizing a logical and systematic evaluation plan for these patients. Patients may be divided into four groups based on the time they are seen after birth, whether the nerve is stimulable, or whether the nerve loses its stimulability. On the basis of this classification, electromyogram studies, and roentgenographic findings, a presumptive diagnosis may be made and a treatment plan formulated. The treatment plan is based on the diagnosis, facial nerve excitability testing, and degree of deformity present. If there is evidence of facial nerve disruption, a facial nerve exploration is indicated. In congenital cases, reanimation procedures may be necessary.
Topics: Delivery, Obstetric; Electromyography; Facial Paralysis; Female; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Obstetric Labor Complications; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications; Retrospective Studies
PubMed: 6801582
DOI: 10.1177/019459988108900628 -
The Veterinary Record Sep 1979Facial nerve paralysis of acute onset is reported in seven mature dogs, five of which were cocker spaniels. The clinical signs were characterised by ear drooping, lip...
Facial nerve paralysis of acute onset is reported in seven mature dogs, five of which were cocker spaniels. The clinical signs were characterised by ear drooping, lip commissural paralysis, sialosis, and collection of food on the paralysed side of the mouth. All dogs showed absent menace responses and trigeminofacial/acousticofacial reflexes. Horner's syndrome was not present in any dog. In four dogs, bilateral facial paralysis developed. The facial paralysis was unrelated to otitis media. Electrodiagnostic studies revealed denervation potentials and absent evoked muscle potentials. Facial nerve biopsies from two cases showed nerve fibre degeneration and apparent loss of larger diameter myelinated fibres. The condition has been termed idiopathic facial paralysis since the aetiopathogenesis is presently unknown.
Topics: Animals; Dog Diseases; Dogs; Facial Paralysis; Female; Male
PubMed: 516320
DOI: 10.1136/vr.105.13.297 -
Medicinski Pregled 2003Phoniatric rehabilitation is mainly aimed at restoring satisfactory phonation. Voice quality depends on the capacity of intact vocal cords to compensate the deficiency...
INTRODUCTION
Phoniatric rehabilitation is mainly aimed at restoring satisfactory phonation. Voice quality depends on the capacity of intact vocal cords to compensate the deficiency involved, as well as on automatism of phonation.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
The study included 50 patients. All subjects underwent history taking, reported symptoms that urged them to visit a phoniatrician; they were submitted to a clinical otorhinolaryngologic and phoniatric examinations, voice assessment by subjective acoustic analysis, spectral analysis by digital sonography and laryngostroboscopy. All patients underwent Seeman's method of laryngeal compression.
RESULTS
The examined group of 50 subjects included 17 males (34%) and 33 females (66%). Vocal cord palsy was most often due to neck surgery (strumectomy) in 19 patients (38%), followed by an idiopathic palsy involved in 12 patients (24%). Disocclusion of 1-2 mm and 3-3 mm was registered in 54% and 24% patients, respectively. After treatment total occlusion was established in 20% of patients, while disocclusion of up to 1 mm, 1-2 mm or 2-3 mm persisted in 36%, 20% and 2% of patients, respectively. T-test revealed a statistically significant difference in glottic incompetence prior to and after treatment (p < 0.01). After treatment, using Seeman's method of digital compression of the larynx, 48% of patients regained satisfactory speech and voice clarity and 50% of them still presented mild dysphonia. Moderate dysphonia was registered in 2%, but none of the patients had severe dysphonia.
DISCUSSION
Central laryngeal palsies made 4% of our examined group, while according to the literature they make 1.2-8.7% of all laryngeal palsies. In majority of cases, paralysis of the recurrent laryngeal nerve was due to neck surgery (38%), but literature reports indicate that iatrogenic palsies are mostly due to operation of the thyroid. The well known fact that the left recurrent nerve is more frequently paralysed, has been confirmed in our study as well.
CONCLUSION
Accurate and efficient treatment of unilateral laryngeal palsies requires team work. Phoniatric rehabilitation of the disorder using Seeman's method has proved efficient in diminishing the glottic incompetence and dysphonia. Patients who fail to respond to phoniatric rehabilitation should be treated using other therapeutic modalities.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Vocal Cord Paralysis
PubMed: 12793189
DOI: 10.2298/mpns0302059m