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The Journal of the Association of... Apr 2023
Topics: Paraquat
PubMed: 37355800
DOI: No ID Found -
Critical Reviews in Toxicology 2008Paraquat dichloride (methyl viologen; PQ) is an effective and widely used herbicide that has a proven safety record when appropriately applied to eliminate weeds.... (Review)
Review
Paraquat dichloride (methyl viologen; PQ) is an effective and widely used herbicide that has a proven safety record when appropriately applied to eliminate weeds. However, over the last decades, there have been numerous fatalities, mainly caused by accidental or voluntary ingestion. PQ poisoning is an extremely frustrating condition to manage clinically, due to the elevated morbidity and mortality observed so far and due to the lack of effective treatments to be used in humans. PQ mainly accumulates in the lung (pulmonary concentrations can be 6 to 10 times higher than those in the plasma), where it is retained even when blood levels start to decrease. The pulmonary effects can be explained by the participation of the polyamine transport system abundantly expressed in the membrane of alveolar cells type I, II, and Clara cells. Further downstream at the toxicodynamic level, the main molecular mechanism of PQ toxicity is based on redox cycling and intracellular oxidative stress generation. With this review we aimed to collect and describe the most pertinent and significant findings published in established scientific publications since the discovery of PQ, focusing on the most recent developments related to PQ lung toxicity and their relevance to the treatment of human poisonings. Considerable space is also dedicated to techniques for prognosis prediction, since these could allow development of rigorous clinical protocols that may produce comparable data for the evaluation of proposed therapies.
Topics: Animals; Herbicides; Humans; Lung; Lung Diseases; Paraquat; Treatment Outcome
PubMed: 18161502
DOI: 10.1080/10408440701669959 -
CRC Critical Reviews in Toxicology Oct 1976
Review
Topics: Adrenal Cortex; Animals; Antidotes; Digestive System; Diquat; Hematopoietic System; Herbicides; Humans; Kidney; Lethal Dose 50; Liver; Lung; Myocardium; Oxygen Inhalation Therapy; Paraquat; Poisoning; Pulmonary Fibrosis; Pyridinium Compounds; Time Factors
PubMed: 791582
DOI: 10.1080/10408447609164020 -
Parkinsonism & Related Disorders Feb 2024The four features of Parkinson's disease (PD), which also manifests other non-motor symptoms, are bradykinesia, tremor, postural instability, and stiffness. The... (Review)
Review
The four features of Parkinson's disease (PD), which also manifests other non-motor symptoms, are bradykinesia, tremor, postural instability, and stiffness. The pathogenic causes of Parkinsonism include Lewy bodies, intracellular protein clumps of αsynuclein, and the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra's pars compacta region. The pathophysiology of PD is still poorly understood due to the complexity of the illness. The apoptotic cell death of neurons in PD, however, has been linked to a variety of intracellular mechanisms, according to a wide spectrum of study. The endoplasmic reticulum's stress, decreased levels of neurotrophic factors, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, catabolic alterations in dopamine, and decreased activity of tyrosine hydroxylase are some of these causes. The herbicide paraquat has been used in laboratory studies to create a variety of PD pathological features in numerous in-vitro and in-vivo animals. Due to the unique neurotoxicity that paraquat causes, understanding of the pathophysiology of PD has changed. Parkinson's disease (PD) is more likely to develop among people exposed to paraquat over an extended period of time, according to epidemiological studies. Thanks to this paradigm, the hunt for new therapy targets for PD has expanded. In both in-vitro and in-vivo models, the purpose of this study is to summarise the relationship between paraquat exposure and the onset of Parkinson's disease (PD).
Topics: Humans; Animals; Paraquat; Herbicides; Parkinson Disease; Parkinsonian Disorders; Dopaminergic Neurons
PubMed: 38008593
DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2023.105932 -
Acta Medica Portuguesa 2003Paraquat, widely used as a contact herbicide is, in some environments (meanly rural), the principal mean of suicide. Commercially known as Gramoxone, it was sintetyzed... (Review)
Review
Paraquat, widely used as a contact herbicide is, in some environments (meanly rural), the principal mean of suicide. Commercially known as Gramoxone, it was sintetyzed for the first time in 1882 and its herbicide properties were not discovered until 1955. The authors made a literature review and describe the historic perspective, physicochemical properties, clinic aspects, prognosis factors and treatment and, finally, propose a therapeutic approach having always in mind the capital importance of the early beginning of general treatment of intoxication cases.
Topics: Cardiovascular System; Digestive System; Diuresis; Hemoperfusion; Herbicides; Humans; Liver; Pancreas; Paraquat; Renal Dialysis; Respiratory System
PubMed: 12828003
DOI: No ID Found -
American Journal of Hospital Pharmacy Nov 1978The pathophysiology, symptoms and treatment of paraquat intoxication, primarily from oral ingestion, and the pharmacology and pharmacokinetics of paraquat are reviewed.... (Review)
Review
The pathophysiology, symptoms and treatment of paraquat intoxication, primarily from oral ingestion, and the pharmacology and pharmacokinetics of paraquat are reviewed. Toxicity has occurred after topical application, oral ingestion or inhalation of paraquat. Systemic toxicity has not been reported from smoking of paraquat-contaminated marijuana but heavy abusers of contaminated marijuana may experience coughing, hemoptysis and mouth irritation. Following ingestion of 30 mg/kg or 50 ml of a 21% (w/w) solution of paraquat (as the base), hepatic, cardiac or renal failure or death may occur. Smaller doses (greater than or equal to 4 mg/kg of paraquat base) may cause respiratory distress, renal dysfunction or, occasionally, jaundice or adrenal cortical necrosis. When paraquat ingestion is suspected, the drug should be removed immediately from the gastrointestinal tract by gastric lavage or by whole-gut irrigation. Adsorbents such as Fuller's earth, bentonite or activated charcoal may be used during gastric lavage. Combined use of forced diuresis (with furosemide, mannitol and i.v. dextrose in water or normal saline), hemodialysis or hemoperfusion is recommended until the compound cannot be detected in body fluids or the dialysate. Immediate and effective treatment is necessary to prevent systemic toxicity or death from paraquat intoxication.
Topics: Cannabis; Humans; Kinetics; Paraquat
PubMed: 360833
DOI: No ID Found -
International Immunopharmacology Dec 2022Paraquat poisoning is a severe health problem globally, particularly in developing countries. Due to its severe toxicity, the mortality rate of paraquat poisoning is... (Review)
Review
Paraquat poisoning is a severe health problem globally, particularly in developing countries. Due to its severe toxicity, the mortality rate of paraquat poisoning is greatly higher than other pesticide poisoning. Paraquat accumulates in the lung by specific polyamine uptake and causes a great amount of reactive oxygen species generation induced by redox cycling. Free radicals can further cause cellular damage via lipid peroxidation, mitochondrial damage, inflammatory response, and apoptosis in many organs including lung, liver, and kidney. The potential mechanisms of paraquat toxicity in the lung are extremely complicated. In this review, the biochemical mechanisms and pathophysiological process of paraquat-induced pulmonary toxicity are systematically elaborated based on previous studies. Furthermore, the signaling pathways including Nrf2/ARE, NF-κB, NLRP3 inflammasome, TLRs, PPAR-γ, MAPKs, AMPK, Rho/ROCK, PI3K/Akt/mTOR, TGF-β/Smad, and Wnt/β-catenin and the potential therapeutic drugs are comprehensively summarized. Further studies are still required to evaluate the efficacy of these drugs in the future.
Topics: Paraquat; Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases; Lipid Peroxidation; Lung; Signal Transduction
PubMed: 36279672
DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.109301 -
Food and Cosmetics Toxicology Jun 1976
Review
Topics: Adrenal Cortex; Adult; Aged; Anemia; Animals; Chemical Phenomena; Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury; Chemistry; Edema, Cardiac; Erythropoiesis; Female; Humans; Kidney Diseases; Lethal Dose 50; Lung; Male; Mutagens; Paraquat; Pregnancy; Pulmonary Fibrosis; Pulmonary Surfactants; Reproduction
PubMed: 780243
DOI: 10.1016/s0015-6264(76)80435-x -
Pest Management Science Apr 2004Sustainable agriculture is essential for man's survival, especially given our rapidly increasing population. Expansion of agriculture into remaining areas of natural... (Review)
Review
Sustainable agriculture is essential for man's survival, especially given our rapidly increasing population. Expansion of agriculture into remaining areas of natural vegetation is undesirable, as this would reduce biodiversity on the planet. Maintaining or indeed improving crop yields on existing farmed land, whether on a smallholder scale or on larger farms, is thus necessary. One of the limiting factors is often weed control; biological control of weeds is generally of limited use and mechanical control is either often difficult with machinery or very laborious by hand. Thus the use of herbicides has become very important. Minimum cultivation can also be important, as it reduces the power required to work the soil, limits erosion and helps to maintain the organic matter content of the soil. This last aspect helps preserve both the structure of soil and its populations of organisms, and also sustains the Earth's soil as a massive sink for carbon, an important consideration in the light of global warming. The introduction of the bipyridinium herbicide paraquat in the early 1960s greatly facilitated weed control in many crops. Paraquat has the unusual property of being active only by direct spray onto plants and not by uptake from soil in which strong binding deactivates it. Together with its rapid action in light in killing green plant tissue, such properties allow paraquat to be used in many crops, including those grown by low-tillage methods. This paper reviews the ways in which agricultural systems have been and are being developed to make use of these properties, and provides a risk/benefit analysis of the world-wide use of paraquat over nearly 40 years.
Topics: Agriculture; Crops, Agricultural; Herbicides; Paraquat; Risk Assessment; Soil
PubMed: 15119596
DOI: 10.1002/ps.823 -
Human Toxicology Jan 1987There is a striking discrepancy between the efficacy of the kidneys, haemodialysis and haemoperfusion in removing paraquat from the body and the poor prognosis of... (Review)
Review
There is a striking discrepancy between the efficacy of the kidneys, haemodialysis and haemoperfusion in removing paraquat from the body and the poor prognosis of paraquat poisoning even when the blood and urine concentrations (which are good indices of concentrations in lung and other tissues) are very low. Extracorporeal elimination techniques have been used world-wide in paraquat poisoning. Do they remove paraquat effectively? Certainly. Do they increase the survival rate? Probably not. The reason being that when these techniques of elimination are initiated, potentially lethal concentrations of paraquat have already been attained in the highly vascular tissues of vital organs and in pneumocytes. The data presented here suggest that the successful treatment of paraquat poisoning will not be achieved by modification of toxicokinetics.
Topics: Animals; Hemoperfusion; Humans; Kidney; Paraquat; Renal Dialysis; Tissue Distribution
PubMed: 3546088
DOI: 10.1177/096032718700600110