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Journal - Forensic Science Society Jul 1972
Topics: Adult; Alcohol Drinking; Child; Female; Humans; Kidney; Liver; Male; Middle Aged; Northern Ireland; Paraquat
PubMed: 4644623
DOI: 10.1016/s0015-7368(72)70710-0 -
Basic & Clinical Pharmacology &... Jun 2021Acute paraquat poisoning resulting from multiple organ failure usually has a high mortality rate. Liver and kidney, as the key oranges of paraquat detoxification and... (Clinical Trial)
Clinical Trial
Acute paraquat poisoning resulting from multiple organ failure usually has a high mortality rate. Liver and kidney, as the key oranges of paraquat detoxification and elimination, their injuries may suppress toxin excretion and enhance the toxicity of paraquat in other organs and worsen the prognosis. Therefore, we intended to explore the prognostic value of liver and kidney function parameters, and further evaluate their correlation with a more stable index urine-to-plasma paraquat (urine paraquat concentrations/plasma paraquat concentrations) instead of considering paraquat concentrations in plasma or urine alone. The study included 33 patients with acute paraquat poisoning admitted to four centres in China from January 2018 to December 2019. Seventeen patients (10 male/7 female) survived, whereas 16 patients (7 male/9 female, 48.48%) died from paraquat poisoning. Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and the blood urea nitrogen (BUN) represent liver and kidney function parameters, respectively. The ratio of urine-to-plasma paraquat is negatively correlated with ALT (r = -0.94, P = 0 .02) and BUN (r = -0.82, P = 0.03). For receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) analysis, ALT, BUN and urine-to-plasma paraquat have an AUC over 0.80. The study shows that the functional indexes of liver and kidney, as well as the ratio of urine-to-plasma paraquat, could be considered for evaluating the extent of organ injury and excretion rate of paraquat.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Alanine Transaminase; Blood Urea Nitrogen; China; Female; Humans; Kidney; Liver; Male; Middle Aged; Paraquat; Retrospective Studies
PubMed: 33411948
DOI: 10.1111/bcpt.13555 -
Archives of Toxicology Jun 1987The toxicological significance of paraquat concentrations in paraquat poisonings was evaluated by means of multivariate analysis methods. Paraquat could be determined by...
The toxicological significance of paraquat concentrations in paraquat poisonings was evaluated by means of multivariate analysis methods. Paraquat could be determined by a newly developed procedure, which involved thin-layer chromatography with flame ionization detector (TLC-FID) and solid-phase extraction with a disposable octadecylsilane cartridge. This new method proved to be simple, rapid and reliable for the analysis of paraquat in our seven cases of suicidal poisoning. The relationship between plasma paraquat concentration (C) and time from ingestion (T) could be best described by the following functions. The regression equation of fatal cases was ln[ln(C X 1000)] = 2.5453 - 0.2114 lnT. The regression equation of survivors was ln[ln(C X 1000)] = 2.1041 - 0.2826 lnT. The discriminant function (D) to separate the fatal and survival cases was D = 1.3114 - 0.1617 lnT - 0.5408 [ln(C X 1000)] (fatal cases: D less than 0, survivors: D greater than 0). The discriminant function was demonstrated to have a high reliability for the toxicological significance in our seven poisoned patients. The significant correlation between plasma paraquat concentration and urine paraquat concentration (C') in our cases was obtained. The regression equation was lnC' = 0.953 lnC + 1.409. This also indicated that urinary concentrations are 3.3 - 4.5 times greater than plasma concentrations. The multiple regression equation among plasma paraquat concentration, time from ingestion, and the ingested volume (V) of Gramoxone (trade name of paraquat), was lnC = 0.009V - 0.232T + 3.612. It is suggested that the determination of paraquat is of great value, and that these data are useful in assessing the severity and predicting the outcome of poisoning for forensic and clinical purposes.
Topics: Adult; Chromatography, Thin Layer; Female; Flame Ionization; Humans; Kinetics; Male; Middle Aged; Paraquat; Suicide
PubMed: 3632355
DOI: 10.1007/BF01234670 -
Journal of Applied Physiology... Feb 1992Isolated, perfused, and ventilated rat lungs were challenged by paraquat (0.01 M) in the presence of 2.5 mM Ca2+, 2.5 mM Ca2+ with trifluoperazine (100 microM), 0.025 mM...
Isolated, perfused, and ventilated rat lungs were challenged by paraquat (0.01 M) in the presence of 2.5 mM Ca2+, 2.5 mM Ca2+ with trifluoperazine (100 microM), 0.025 mM Ca2+, or 0.025 mM Ca2+ with sodium metavanadate (10 microM) to establish the effect of varying calcium concentration or calcium-dependent enzyme activities on injury induced by paraquat. Segmental vascular resistances, microvascular permeability (as assessed by the capillary filtration coefficient), lung tissue oxidized glutathione, and lung paraquat accumulation were measured. Exposure to paraquat for 2.5 h did not increase microvascular permeability or pulmonary vascular resistance in the presence of either normal extracellular calcium or low extracellular calcium and sodium metavanadate. Lungs exposed to paraquat were injured (as assessed by increased filtration coefficient) only in the presence of low extracellular calcium or after trifluoperazine was added. This injury was associated with decreased levels of oxidized glutathione and increased paraquat accumulation, suggesting that calcium's protective effect was both by inhibition of paraquat accumulation and maintenance of NADPH. Pulmonary vascular resistance was not increased with paraquat challenge.
Topics: Animals; Calcium; Glutathione; In Vitro Techniques; Lung; Lung Injury; Male; NADP; Paraquat; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Trifluoperazine; Vascular Resistance
PubMed: 1559924
DOI: 10.1152/jappl.1992.72.2.498 -
Journal of Analytical Toxicology Sep 1993An HPLC method for the quantitation of paraquat in urine was applied to serum. Sample preparation consisted of ion-pair extraction on disposable cartridges of end-capped...
An HPLC method for the quantitation of paraquat in urine was applied to serum. Sample preparation consisted of ion-pair extraction on disposable cartridges of end-capped octadecyl silica. The paraquat thus extracted, was quantitated by HPLC using 1,1'-diethyl-4,4'-dipyridyl dichloride as an internal standard. Relatively small sample volumes (1 mL serum) were required. Within- and between-assay coefficients of variation for the HPLC technique were 2.9% and 4.0%, respectively, at low paraquat serum concentration (0.4 microgram/mL), and 2.4% and 3.2% at high paraquat serum concentration (4.0 micrograms/mL). The between-assay coefficient of variation for the total procedure, including the extraction, was 5.6% at low concentration (0.4 microgram/mL). Serum concentration levels down to 0.025 microgram/mL could be quantitated. The technique was checked for interference from muscle relaxants (pancuronium bromide and vecuronium bromide) and from anticoagulants (heparin and K2EDTA). No interference was observed.
Topics: Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Humans; Paraquat; Reproducibility of Results; Sensitivity and Specificity
PubMed: 8107468
DOI: 10.1093/jat/17.5.310 -
Acta Medica Portuguesa Dec 2011The authors present a case report of fatal paraquat poisoning demonstrating persistently negative urine paraquat test. A brief review is also made, concerning the... (Review)
Review
The authors present a case report of fatal paraquat poisoning demonstrating persistently negative urine paraquat test. A brief review is also made, concerning the importance of blood test for paraquat, the false negative results in urine test and the need for new effective therapeutic approaches that can change the tragic course of most of these poisoning cases.
Topics: False Negative Reactions; Fatal Outcome; Female; Herbicides; Humans; Middle Aged; Paraquat
PubMed: 22856404
DOI: No ID Found -
Bordeaux Medical Sep 1972
Topics: Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Paraquat; Renal Dialysis; Resuscitation
PubMed: 4636178
DOI: No ID Found -
Journal of Bacteriology Feb 1990Escherichia coli B and K-12 are equally susceptible to the bacteriostatic effects of aerobic paraquat, but they differed strikingly when the lethality of paraquat was...
Escherichia coli B and K-12 are equally susceptible to the bacteriostatic effects of aerobic paraquat, but they differed strikingly when the lethality of paraquat was evaluated. E. coli B suffered an apparent loss of viability when briefly exposed to paraquat, whereas E. coli K-12 did not. This difference depended on the ability of the B strain, but not the K-12 strain, to retain internalized paraquat; the B strain was killed on aerobic tryptic soy-yeast extract plates during the incubation which preceded the counting of colonies. This difference in retention of paraquat between strains was demonstrated by delayed loss of viability, by growth inhibition, and by cyanide-resistant respiration after brief exposure to paraquat, washing, and testing in fresh medium. This difference was also shown by using [14C]paraquat. This previously unrecognized difference between E. coli B and K-12 has been the cause of apparently contradictory reports and should lead to some reevaluation of the pertinent literature.
Topics: Biological Transport; Cyanides; Escherichia coli; Kinetics; Oxygen Consumption; Paraquat; Sodium Chloride; Species Specificity
PubMed: 2404951
DOI: 10.1128/jb.172.2.686-690.1990 -
Human Toxicology Jan 1987The critical events leading to death from the ingestion of paraquat are absorption from the gastrointestinal tract, active accumulation in the lung almost certainly...
The critical events leading to death from the ingestion of paraquat are absorption from the gastrointestinal tract, active accumulation in the lung almost certainly preceded by acute renal failure and redox cycling in the lung which initiates certain, as yet unidentified, biochemical events leading to cell death with subsequent destruction of the lung and death from anoxia. Present evidence suggests that absorption of paraquat is rapid and the use of absorbents more than 6 hours after ingestion is likely to be ineffective. Further work is needed to characterize the mechanism of absorption and to identify an innocuous chemical which could be added to formulations of paraquat to inhibit absorption; this approach may be the best solution to the problem of paraquat poisoning. Steps to actively remove paraquat from the systemic circulation will probably only succeed in a small number of patients taking moderate doses and developing early renal failure. The 'window' for such treatment may be as narrow as 6-18 h after ingestion. This 'window' would also operate for chemicals designed to inhibit the pulmonary uptake of paraquat. The biochemical events leading to paraquat-induced cell death are not sufficiently defined to permit the design of treatments to prevent or reverse these processes.
Topics: Animals; Dogs; Humans; Intestinal Absorption; Kinetics; Paraquat; Tissue Distribution
PubMed: 3817830
DOI: 10.1177/096032718700600106 -
Clinica Chimica Acta; International... Jan 1980Two variants of a radioimmunoassay for the bipyridylium herbicide Paraquat are described. Both employ antiserum raised to Paraquat-BSA which has been covalently linked...
Two variants of a radioimmunoassay for the bipyridylium herbicide Paraquat are described. Both employ antiserum raised to Paraquat-BSA which has been covalently linked to particulate solid-phase support media. The rapid assay for clinical use employs a [3H] Paraquat tracer, requires no agitation and yields results in the range 10--2500 ng/ml serum in 20 min from receipt of sample. The more sensitive assay, designed for research purposes, employs a 125iodinated tracer, requires 2 h continuous agitation but can detect Paraquat at 0.1 ng/ml in simple aqueous solution or 0.25 ng/ml serum. Results from rapid clinical assay agree well with the existing colorimetric method.
Topics: Animals; Haptens; Humans; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Iodine Radioisotopes; Paraquat; Rabbits; Radioimmunoassay; Time Factors; Tritium
PubMed: 7351091
DOI: 10.1016/0009-8981(80)90068-6