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Parasitology 1994Parasitism is defined in various ways as an intimate relationship in which one partner, the parasite, lives on or in another, the host, generally at the expense of the... (Review)
Review
Parasitism is defined in various ways as an intimate relationship in which one partner, the parasite, lives on or in another, the host, generally at the expense of the latter. Parasitism commonly results in a unique array of host physiological responses and adaptations. Most studies of the physiological effects of parasitism have focused on the pathological consequence of infection and disease. While many physiological changes contribute to pathogenesis, it is now recognized that parasitic infections at sub-clinical levels also produce physiological effects that either ameliorate or may not contribute to the disease process. Moreover, these physiological changes are often manifested by altered host behaviour. Behavioural studies have enabled an ecological- and evolutionary-oriented evaluation of host responses. In this fashion, physiological effects may be assessed as to whether they affect fitness and confer benefit or harm to one or both of the symbionts involved. We briefly examine how these physiological responses, specifically neural, endocrine, neuromodulatory, and immunomodulatory components, may interact to modify host behaviors. We consider the adaptiveness of these responses and how the behavioural patterns elicited may simultaneously appear adaptive for the parasite as well as the host. In addition, we address how parasite-host physiological and behavioural interactions may be altered during the course of parasitism.
Topics: Adaptation, Physiological; Animals; Behavior, Animal; Host-Parasite Interactions; Parasites; Parasitic Diseases
PubMed: 7854846
DOI: 10.1017/s0031182000085139 -
Journal of Mathematical Biology Jun 2024We consider a cell population subject to a parasite infection. Cells divide at a constant rate and, at division, share the parasites they contain between their two...
We consider a cell population subject to a parasite infection. Cells divide at a constant rate and, at division, share the parasites they contain between their two daughter cells. The sharing may be asymmetric, and its law may depend on the number of parasites in the mother. Cells die at a rate which may depend on the number of parasites they carry, and are also killed when this number explodes. We study the survival of the cell population as well as the mean number of parasites in the cells, and focus on the role of the parasites partitioning kernel at division.
Topics: Animals; Models, Biological; Host-Parasite Interactions; Parasitic Diseases; Cell Division; Mathematical Concepts; Humans; Parasites
PubMed: 38879839
DOI: 10.1007/s00285-024-02110-y -
Polish Journal of Veterinary Sciences 2003Problems dealing with common parasites--oxyurids, which affect laboratory mice colonies are discussed and reviewed. Their life histories, pathogenicity and immunity are... (Review)
Review
Problems dealing with common parasites--oxyurids, which affect laboratory mice colonies are discussed and reviewed. Their life histories, pathogenicity and immunity are examined. The attention is paid to the influence of age, sex, strain and status of the host in the infection. It is agreed that helminth infections are usually more severe in male than in female vertebrate hosts.
Topics: Animals; Animals, Laboratory; Host-Parasite Interactions; Mice; Parasites; Parasitic Diseases, Animal; Rodent Diseases
PubMed: 12675469
DOI: No ID Found -
The Journal of Parasitology Aug 1992Parasite species assemblages currently are thought to range from isolationist to interactive, their dynamic properties being related to the number of species and types... (Review)
Review
Parasite species assemblages currently are thought to range from isolationist to interactive, their dynamic properties being related to the number of species and types of hosts involved. The literature contains few experimental tests of this concept, however, and many of the host/parasite systems studied to date are not amenable to experimental manipulation. In this review, the presence of a parasite species, in a sample of host individuals, is considered to be an evolutionary phenomenon, but the parasite's population structure is considered to be an ecological one. Studies that allow evaluation of these 2 influences are comparative in nature and include data from a series of homogeneous samples of host populations. A lottery model is presented, in which hosts acquire their assemblages of parasites by Monte Carlo type sampling from multiple kind arrays; the major structuring influence is the relative probability of becoming infected by various parasite species. Claims of parasite species interaction need to be supported by studies showing departures from the predictions of this model. The species density and infraassemblage diversity index distributions are recommended as quantitative tools useful in such work.
Topics: Animals; Biological Evolution; Fresh Water; Helminths; Host-Parasite Interactions; Parasites; Poisson Distribution; Urodela
PubMed: 1635021
DOI: No ID Found -
Parasitology Research Jan 2012An intensive parasite survey was conducted in 2008 to better understand the parasite fauna occurrence, distribution and diversity in the commercial aquaculture fish...
An intensive parasite survey was conducted in 2008 to better understand the parasite fauna occurrence, distribution and diversity in the commercial aquaculture fish species in Uganda. A total of 265 fish collected from hatcheries and grow-out systems were examined for parasites using routine parasitological techniques. The survey yielded 17 parasite species: 11 from Oreochromis niloticus and ten from Clarias gariepinus. Four parasites-Amirthalingamia macracantha, Monobothrioides sp., Zoogonoides sp. and a member of the family Amphilinidae-were recorded for the first time in the country. The parasite diversity was similar between hosts; however, O. niloticus was dominated by free-living stage-transmitted parasites in lower numbers, whereas both trophically and free-living stage-transmitted parasites were equally represented in C. gariepinus in relatively high intensities. The patterns in parasite numbers and composition in the two hosts reflect differences in fish habitat use and diet. A shift in parasite composition from monoxenous species-dominated communities in small-sized fish to heteroxenous in large fishes was recorded in both hosts. This was linked to ontogenetic feeding changes and prolonged exposure to parasites. Polyculture systems showed no effect on parasite intensity and composition. The gills were highly parasitized, mainly by protozoans and monogeneans. Generally, the occurrence and diversity of parasites in these fish species highlight the likelihood of disease outbreak in the proposed intensive aquaculture systems. This calls for raising awareness in fish health management among potential farmers, service providers and researchers.
Topics: Animals; Aquaculture; Biodiversity; Catfishes; Cichlids; Gills; Parasites; Uganda
PubMed: 21688067
DOI: 10.1007/s00436-011-2491-4 -
Parasitology Aug 2010The strengths and limitations of existing mass spectrometry methods for metabolite detection and identification are discussed. A brief review is made of the methods... (Review)
Review
The strengths and limitations of existing mass spectrometry methods for metabolite detection and identification are discussed. A brief review is made of the methods available for quenching and extraction of cells or organisms prior to instrumental analysis. The techniques available for carrying out mass spectrometry-based profiling of metabolomes are discussed using the analysis of extracts from trypanosomes to illustrate various points regarding methods of separation and mass spectrometric analysis. The advantages of hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC) for the analysis of polar metabolites are discussed. The challenges of data processing are outlined and illustrated using the example of ThermoFisher's Sieve software. The existing literature on applications of mass spectrometry to the profiling of parasite metabolomes is reviewed.
Topics: Animals; Mass Spectrometry; Metabolome; Metabolomics; Parasites; Parasitology
PubMed: 20025826
DOI: 10.1017/S0031182009991648 -
Microbiology Spectrum Aug 2016This chapter aims to provide some key points for researchers interested in the study of ancient gastrointestinal parasites. These few pages are dedicated to my colleague... (Review)
Review
This chapter aims to provide some key points for researchers interested in the study of ancient gastrointestinal parasites. These few pages are dedicated to my colleague and friend, Prof. Adauto Araújo (1951-2015), who participated in the writing of this chapter. His huge efforts in paleoparasitology contributed to the development and promotion of the discipline during more than 30 years.
Topics: Animals; Archaeology; Fossils; History, 15th Century; History, 16th Century; History, 17th Century; History, 18th Century; History, 19th Century; History, 20th Century; History, 21st Century; History, Ancient; History, Medieval; Humans; Intestinal Diseases, Parasitic; Paleopathology; Parasites; Parasitology
PubMed: 27726811
DOI: 10.1128/microbiolspec.PoH-0013-2015 -
Parasitology Nov 2018The study of parasites typically crosses into other research disciplines and spans across diverse scales, from molecular- to populational-levels, notwithstanding...
The study of parasites typically crosses into other research disciplines and spans across diverse scales, from molecular- to populational-levels, notwithstanding promoting an understanding of parasites set within evolutionary time. Today, the 2030 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) help frame much of contemporary parasitological research, since parasites can be found in all ecosystems, blighting human, animal and plant health. In recognition of the multi-disciplinary nature of parasitological research, the 2017 Autumn Symposium of the British Society for Parasitology was held in London to provide a forum for novel exchange across medical, veterinary and wildlife fields of study. Whilst the meeting was devoted to the topic of parasitism, it sought to foster mutualism, the antithesis perhaps of parasitism, by forging new academic connections and social networks to exchange novel ideas. The meeting also celebrated the longstanding career of Professor David Rollinson, FLS in the award of the International Federation for Tropical Medicine Medal for his efforts spanning 40 years of parasitological research. Indeed, David has done so much to explore and promote the fascinating biology of parasitism, as exemplified by the 15 manuscripts contained within this Special Issue.
Topics: Animals; Congresses as Topic; Humans; London; Parasites; Parasitology; Research; Tropical Medicine
PubMed: 30185237
DOI: 10.1017/S0031182018001476 -
International Journal For Parasitology Apr 1998The paper describes recent progress in the development of a mathematical framework for the study of epidemiology, evolution, within-host parasite population growth and... (Review)
Review
The paper describes recent progress in the development of a mathematical framework for the study of epidemiology, evolution, within-host parasite population growth and the control of parasitic infections. A major emphasis is placed on dynamic models of the interaction between the parasite population and the host's immune system that capture the effects of antigenic variation, parasite evolution in response of immunological attack and the control of population growth by chemotherapeutic agents.
Topics: Animals; Antigenic Variation; Host-Parasite Interactions; Immune System; Mathematics; Models, Biological; Parasites; Parasitic Diseases
PubMed: 9602375
DOI: 10.1016/s0020-7519(97)00207-5 -
Parasitology Feb 2015
Topics: Animals; Biological Evolution; Genome; Humans; Parasites; Parasitic Diseases
PubMed: 25656359
DOI: 10.1017/S0031182014001516