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Sleep Medicine Clinics Sep 2022Parasomnias, especially disorders of arousal during childhood, are often relatively benign and transitory and do not usually require a pharmacologic therapy. A relevant... (Review)
Review
Parasomnias, especially disorders of arousal during childhood, are often relatively benign and transitory and do not usually require a pharmacologic therapy. A relevant aspect in both nonrapid eye movement and rapid eye movement parasomnia treatment is to prevent sleep-related injuries by maintaining a safe environment. Physicians should always evaluate the possible presence of favoring and precipitating factors (sleep disorders and drugs). A pharmacologic treatment may be indicated in case of frequent, troublesome, or particularly dangerous events. The aim of this article is to review current available evidence on pharmacologic treatment of different forms of parasomnia.
Topics: Arousal; Diagnosis, Differential; Humans; Parasomnias; Sleep; Sleep, REM
PubMed: 36150800
DOI: 10.1016/j.jsmc.2022.06.004 -
Sleep Medicine Clinics Jun 2020Patient education and behavioral management represent the first treatment approaches to the patient with parasomnia, especially in case of disorders of arousal (DOA). A... (Review)
Review
Patient education and behavioral management represent the first treatment approaches to the patient with parasomnia, especially in case of disorders of arousal (DOA). A pharmacologic treatment of DOA may be useful when episodes are frequent and persist despite resolution of predisposing factors, are associated with a high risk of injury, or cause significant impairment, such as excessive sleepiness. Approved drugs for DOA are still lacking. The most commonly used medications are benzodiazepines and antidepressants. The pharmacologic treatment of rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder is symptomatic, and the most commonly used drugs are clonazepam and melatonin.
Topics: Antidepressive Agents; Benzodiazepines; Humans; Melatonin; Parasomnias; Treatment Outcome
PubMed: 32386702
DOI: 10.1016/j.jsmc.2020.02.014 -
Sleep Medicine Clinics Jun 2018Patient education and behavioral management represent the first treatment approaches to the patient with parasomnia, especially in case of disorders of arousal (DOA). A... (Review)
Review
Patient education and behavioral management represent the first treatment approaches to the patient with parasomnia, especially in case of disorders of arousal (DOA). A pharmacologic treatment of DOA may be useful when episodes are frequent and persist despite resolution of predisposing factors, are associated with a high risk of injury, or cause significant impairment, such as excessive sleepiness. Approved drugs for DOA are still lacking. The most commonly used medications are benzodiazepines and antidepressants. The pharmacologic treatment of rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder is symptomatic, and the most commonly used drugs are clonazepam and melatonin.
Topics: Disorders of Excessive Somnolence; Humans; Parasomnias; REM Sleep Parasomnias; Sleep Paralysis
PubMed: 29759270
DOI: 10.1016/j.jsmc.2018.02.003 -
Nihon Rinsho. Japanese Journal of... Jun 2015In elderly people, various abnomal behaviors could be accompanied during the sleep or around the bed time. There are many opportunities to receive consultation in a... (Review)
Review
In elderly people, various abnomal behaviors could be accompanied during the sleep or around the bed time. There are many opportunities to receive consultation in a general or liaison psychiatry for diagnosis and treatment to these problems. REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD) is higher prevalence part of parasomnia at elderly people. Especially, RED has received a lot of attention in recent years from the relevance with α-synucleinopathy. On the other hand, new onset of non-REM parasomnia is lower frequency at the point of elderly people, however, it is important to understand the clinical features about parasomnias for differentiation from epilepsy and delirium.
Topics: Aging; Epilepsy; Humans; Neurodegenerative Diseases; Parasomnias; REM Sleep Behavior Disorder; Sleep
PubMed: 26065125
DOI: No ID Found -
Sleep Medicine Clinics Sep 2019Our understanding of non-REM parasomnias is just beginning to unfold the potential biomarkers and underlying pathophysiologic processes that lead to these events.... (Review)
Review
Our understanding of non-REM parasomnias is just beginning to unfold the potential biomarkers and underlying pathophysiologic processes that lead to these events. Biomarkers need further investigation and will help us to understand better ways to develop risk models and possible mechanisms. Similarly, as we develop more accurate pathophysiologic-based diagnostic testing for non-REM parasomnias, we will begin the evolution toward a physiologic-based classification scheme that aids the application of precision medicine. This article explores currently known characteristics and exploratory features that may aid in this transition to better understanding our individual patients with non-REM parasomnias and tailoring their treatments.
Topics: Antidepressive Agents; Benzodiazepines; Cognitive Behavioral Therapy; HLA Antigens; Humans; Hypnotics and Sedatives; Parasomnias; Pharmacogenetics; Precision Medicine
PubMed: 31375204
DOI: 10.1016/j.jsmc.2019.05.002 -
Journal of Forensic Sciences Sep 2003Complex behaviors arising from the sleep period may result in violent or injurious consequences, even death. Those resulting in death may be erroneously deemed suicides.... (Review)
Review
Complex behaviors arising from the sleep period may result in violent or injurious consequences, even death. Those resulting in death may be erroneously deemed suicides. A series of case examples and review of the pertinent literature are provided to increase awareness of the possibility that some apparent "suicides" are the unfortunate, but unintentional, consequence of sleep-related complex behaviors and therefore are without premeditation, conscious awareness, or personal responsibility. The correct cause-of-death determination in such cases may have profound social, religious, and insurance implications for surviving friends and family members.
Topics: Adult; Aged; Dreams; Glass; Humans; Male; Parasomnias; Sleep Deprivation; Somnambulism; Suicide; Wounds and Injuries
PubMed: 14535686
DOI: No ID Found -
The American Journal of Medicine Mar 2019Sleep disorders are frequent and can have serious consequences on patients' health and quality of life. While some sleep disorders are more challenging to treat, most... (Review)
Review
Sleep disorders are frequent and can have serious consequences on patients' health and quality of life. While some sleep disorders are more challenging to treat, most can be easily managed with adequate interventions. We review the main diagnostic features of 6 major sleep disorders (insomnia, circadian rhythm disorders, sleep-disordered breathing, hypersomnia/narcolepsy, parasomnias, and restless legs syndrome/periodic limb movement disorder) to aid medical practitioners in screening and treating sleep disorders as part of clinical practice.
Topics: Central Nervous System Depressants; Central Nervous System Stimulants; Chronobiology Disorders; Cognitive Behavioral Therapy; Continuous Positive Airway Pressure; Disorders of Excessive Somnolence; Humans; Mass Screening; Melatonin; Narcolepsy; Nocturnal Myoclonus Syndrome; Parasomnias; Phototherapy; Polysomnography; Restless Legs Syndrome; Sleep Aids, Pharmaceutical; Sleep Apnea Syndromes; Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders; Sleep Latency; Sleep Wake Disorders
PubMed: 30292731
DOI: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2018.09.021 -
Der Nervenarzt Oct 2017Short involuntary paroxysmal movements or behavioral patterns are an important differential diagnosis to epileptic seizures, especially when occurring for the first... (Review)
Review
Short involuntary paroxysmal movements or behavioral patterns are an important differential diagnosis to epileptic seizures, especially when occurring for the first time. Typically, these attacks are not witnessed by medically trained personnel and the patient anamnesis or observations by a third party are often not specific enough to differentiate between epileptic seizures and the differential diagnoses. This review presents the epidemiology, the clinical presentation, the necessary diagnostic steps and the differential diagnostic approach to parasomnias and dyskinesias. The focus is on the clinical aspects, and therapeutic principles are also briefly described.
Topics: Chorea; Cross-Sectional Studies; Diagnosis, Differential; Dystonic Disorders; Humans; Parasomnias; Seizures
PubMed: 28831514
DOI: 10.1007/s00115-017-0400-5 -
Neurotherapeutics : the Journal of the... Jan 2021Nightmare disorder and recurrent isolated sleep paralysis are rapid eye movement (REM) parasomnias that cause significant distress to those who suffer from them.... (Review)
Review
Nightmare disorder and recurrent isolated sleep paralysis are rapid eye movement (REM) parasomnias that cause significant distress to those who suffer from them. Nightmare disorder can cause insomnia due to fear of falling asleep through dread of nightmare occurrence. Hyperarousal and impaired fear extinction are involved in nightmare generation, as well as brain areas involved in emotion regulation. Nightmare disorder is particularly frequent in psychiatric disorders and posttraumatic stress disorder. Nonmedication treatment, in particular imagery rehearsal therapy, is especially effective. Isolated sleep paralysis is experienced at least once by up to 40% of the general population, whereas recurrence is less frequent. Isolated sleep paralysis can be accompanied by very intense and vivid hallucinations. Sleep paralysis represents a dissociated state, with persistence of REM atonia into wakefulness. Variations in circadian rhythm genes might be involved in their pathogenesis. Predisposing factors include sleep deprivation, irregular sleep-wake schedules, and jetlag. The most effective therapy consists of avoiding those factors.
Topics: Dreams; Humans; Sleep Paralysis; Sleep, REM
PubMed: 33230689
DOI: 10.1007/s13311-020-00966-8 -
Sleep Medicine Apr 2017
Topics: Arousal; Humans; Parasomnias; Polysomnography; Sleep Wake Disorders
PubMed: 28131614
DOI: 10.1016/j.sleep.2016.11.008