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Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine :... Jan 2016Pruritus (itching) during the sleep period can present as a symptom of dermatological or systemic disease, or as a parasomnia. Sleep related scratching as a primary...
Pruritus (itching) during the sleep period can present as a symptom of dermatological or systemic disease, or as a parasomnia. Sleep related scratching as a primary parasomnia, exclusively confined to sleep in the absence of coexisting dermatological disorders, has not been well described. This case series describes three such patients, and discusses potentially relevant pathophysiology that can underlie itching or pain. Such cases of sleep related scratching may merit nosologic classification apart from previously defined parasomnias.
Topics: Adult; Aged; Chronic Pain; Depressive Disorder; Female; Humans; Male; Parasomnias; Polysomnography; Pruritus
PubMed: 26285112
DOI: 10.5664/jcsm.5416 -
Pediatric Pulmonology Aug 2022Sleep terrors (STs) are sleep disorders characterized by abrupt arousal from sleep with autonomic hyperactivity and inappropriate behavior. Though a common condition in... (Review)
Review
Sleep terrors (STs) are sleep disorders characterized by abrupt arousal from sleep with autonomic hyperactivity and inappropriate behavior. Though a common condition in childhood that usually affects children between 4 and 12 years of age, STs, however, may be present even in adulthood. The exact etiology of STs is not known yet, however, several hypotheses have been proposed over the years, identifying some potential genetic, neurodevelopmental, or other causes. Nevertheless, a useful pathophysiological model identified a common cascade of predisposing, priming, and precipitating factors, which could help to explain and sometimes prevent STs. Establishing a correct diagnosis is mandatory for appropriate management, as several conditions (such as other parasomnias or nocturnal seizures) may mimic STs. Furthermore, we also described some conditions which can be comorbid to STs, like some medical or psychological disorders. A number of treatment options have been proposed, ranging from only sleep hygiene practices to pharmacological therapies; we reviewed some of the most prominent ones. In spite of the fact that STs have long been considered benign disorders, which tend to reduce spontaneously over the years, they may have unexpected consequences on the child but also on the caregivers.
Topics: Adult; Child; Dreams; Humans; Night Terrors; Parasomnias; Parents; Sleep
PubMed: 33647192
DOI: 10.1002/ppul.25304 -
Seminars in Neurology Sep 2004Parasomnias are defined as unpleasant or undesirable behavioral or experiential phenomena that occur predominately or exclusively during the sleep period. Initially... (Review)
Review
Parasomnias are defined as unpleasant or undesirable behavioral or experiential phenomena that occur predominately or exclusively during the sleep period. Initially thought to represent a unitary phenomenon, often attributed to psychiatric disease, it is now clear that parasomnias are not a unitary phenomenon but rather are the manifestation of a wide variety of completely different conditions, most of which are diagnosable and treatable. The parasomnias may be conveniently categorized as "primary sleep parasomnias" (disorders of the sleep states per se) and "secondary sleep parasomnias" (disorders of other organ systems, which manifest themselves during sleep). The primary sleep parasomnias can be classified according to the sleep state of origin: rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, non-REM (NREM) sleep, or miscellaneous (i.e., those not respecting sleep state). The secondary sleep parasomnias can be further classified by the organ system involved. The underlying pathophysiology of many parasomnias is state dissociation-the brain is partially awake and partially asleep. The result of this mixed state of being is that the brain is awake enough to perform very complex and often protracted motor and/or verbal behaviors but asleep enough not to have conscious awareness of, or responsibility for, these behaviors.
Topics: Humans; Parasomnias
PubMed: 15449221
DOI: 10.1055/s-2004-835064 -
Pediatric Pulmonology Aug 2022Asthma and sleep disorders are both common in childhood, and often co-exist in the same child. Moreover, studies have shown that in many children the rate of one is... (Review)
Review
Asthma and sleep disorders are both common in childhood, and often co-exist in the same child. Moreover, studies have shown that in many children the rate of one is influenced by the other. Sleep disorders can be classified into six different groups-insomnia, hypersomnia, parasomnia, movement disorders, circadian disorders, and sleep-related breathing disorders. Children with asthma often present with complaints of insomnia with poor sleep quality, difficulty falling asleep and sleep disruptions. These complains are often associated with asthma control. They may also complain of daytime sleepiness and have higher rates of parasomnias, such as night terrors and nocturnal enuresis when compared with their healthy peers. Whether movement and circadian disorders are also more prevalent in children with asthma is less clear. Finally, there is a complex bidirectional interaction between sleep-related breathing disorders and asthma: poor sleep and sleep disorders may worsen asthma, and asthma, particularly when it is poorly controlled, may impair sleep. In the current review we examine the association of each of the sleep disorders with asthma and review the common pathophysiological pathways. We hope to convince the reader that appropriate management of asthma must include inquiries into the patient's sleep, and vice versa.
Topics: Asthma; Child; Humans; Parasomnias; Sleep; Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders; Sleep Wake Disorders
PubMed: 33647191
DOI: 10.1002/ppul.25264 -
Sleep Medicine Aug 2017
Topics: Adult; Creutzfeldt-Jakob Syndrome; Electroencephalography; Humans; Male; REM Sleep Behavior Disorder
PubMed: 28735926
DOI: 10.1016/j.sleep.2017.05.014 -
Sleep Medicine Clinics Jun 2021Sleep-related rhythmic movements disorder (SRRMD), typically considered a benign pediatric sleep disorder, comprise a group of movement disorders that occur... (Review)
Review
Sleep-related rhythmic movements disorder (SRRMD), typically considered a benign pediatric sleep disorder, comprise a group of movement disorders that occur predominantly early in childhood with an average age of onset of 9 months of age. Although it usually resolves spontaneously as the child ages, it can persist into adulthood. In this article, the authors review the identification, diagnosis, and management of SRRMD in children and adults.
Topics: Humans; Parasomnias
PubMed: 33985656
DOI: 10.1016/j.jsmc.2021.02.007 -
Biomedical Journal Apr 2022Healthy sleep is of utmost importance for growth, development, and overall health. Strong evidence shows that sleep is affected negatively in patients and particularly... (Review)
Review
Healthy sleep is of utmost importance for growth, development, and overall health. Strong evidence shows that sleep is affected negatively in patients and particularly children with Tourette Disorder (TD). There is also a frequent association of TD with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) which alone has negative effects on sleep and cumulatively worsens the associated sleep findings. The most consistent polysomnographic findings in patients with TD is decreased total sleep time, lower sleep efficiency and an elevated arousal index. Polysomnography studies have confirmed the presence of movements and persistence of tics during both Rapid Eye Movement (REM) and NREM sleep [1]. In general Patients with TD are found to have an increased incidence of sleep onset and sleep maintenance insomnia. Some studies have shown increased incidence of parasomnias (including sleepwalking, sleep talking and night terrors), but this may be confounded by the increased underlying sleep disruptions seen in TD. The hypersomnolence found in patients with TD is also suggested to be secondary to the underlying TD sleep disruption. There is not a significant association with sleep disordered breathing or circadian rhythm disorders and TD. Treatment of underlying TD is important for the improvement of sleep related TD manifestations and is outlined in this review.
Topics: Arousal; Child; Humans; Parasomnias; Polysomnography; Sleep; Tourette Syndrome
PubMed: 35031507
DOI: 10.1016/j.bj.2022.01.002 -
The Psychiatric Clinics of North America Dec 2015Primary sleep disorders include those not attributable to another medical or psychiatric condition: insomnia disorder, hypersomnolence disorder, narcolepsy, obstructive... (Review)
Review
Primary sleep disorders include those not attributable to another medical or psychiatric condition: insomnia disorder, hypersomnolence disorder, narcolepsy, obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome, central sleep apnea syndrome, and the parasomnias. They are commonly encountered and are comorbid with many psychiatric disorders. It is important to recognize these disorders and be comfortable treating them or to know when to refer to a sleep disorders center and sleep specialist. Treatment of a comorbid sleep disorder can improve the overall quality of life, symptoms in mood disorders, and symptoms of excessive daytime sleepiness, and decrease cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.
Topics: Disorders of Excessive Somnolence; Humans; Narcolepsy; Parasomnias; Restless Legs Syndrome; Risk Factors; Sleep Apnea Syndromes; Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders
PubMed: 26600103
DOI: 10.1016/j.psc.2015.08.002 -
Continuum (Minneapolis, Minn.) Aug 2023Non-rapid eye movement (non-REM) parasomnias are common across the lifespan. This article describes the manifestations, diagnosis, and management of non-REM parasomnias...
OBJECTIVE
Non-rapid eye movement (non-REM) parasomnias are common across the lifespan. This article describes the manifestations, diagnosis, and management of non-REM parasomnias in adults and discusses the social implications of these conditions.
LATEST DEVELOPMENTS
Non-REM parasomnias represent a hybrid state of wakefulness and sleep, often triggered by events that increase the frequency of arousals or make it more difficult to fully arouse from sleep. Sleep deprivation, certain medications, and untreated obstructive sleep apnea are known to provoke parasomnias, particularly in those who are genetically predisposed. Non-REM parasomnias include disorders of arousal (ie, sleepwalking, sleep terrors, and confusional arousals), sleep-related eating disorder, and exploding head syndrome. Clinical overlap exists between sleep-related eating disorder and disorders of arousal, suggesting that sleep-related eating disorder may be a fourth disorder of arousal or a manifestation of sleepwalking. Exploding head syndrome is a unique parasomnia of uncertain etiology.
ESSENTIAL POINTS
Non-REM parasomnias can range from minor nuisances to severe, life-altering events. While some patients with non-REM parasomnia experience significant consequences during sleep, wakefulness, or both, non-REM parasomnias do not pose a major risk to most patients. For all patients with non-REM parasomnias, safety should be explicitly discussed and addressed. Nonpharmacologic treatment should be prioritized, as increasing total sleep time, avoiding triggering substances, and treating comorbid sleep disorders is often sufficient for the management of non-REM parasomnias. If symptoms persist despite these interventions, treatment with clonazepam or other medications can be considered.
Topics: Adult; Humans; Somnambulism; Parasomnias; Sleep; Wakefulness; Sleep Duration
PubMed: 37590825
DOI: 10.1212/CON.0000000000001261 -
Sleep Medicine Clinics Mar 2024Parasomnias are defined as abnormal movements or behaviors that occur in sleep or during arousals from sleep. Parasomnias vary in frequency from episodic events that... (Review)
Review
Parasomnias are defined as abnormal movements or behaviors that occur in sleep or during arousals from sleep. Parasomnias vary in frequency from episodic events that arise from incomplete sleep state transition. The framework by which parasomnias are categorized and diagnosed is based on the International Classification of Sleep Disorders-Third Edition, Text Revision (ICSD-3-TR), published by the American Academy of Sleep Medicine. The recent Third Edition, Text Revision (ICSD-3-TR) of the ICSD provides an expert consensus of the diagnostic requirements for sleep disorders, including parasomnias, based on an extensive review of the current literature.
Topics: Humans; Parasomnias; Sleep; Arousal
PubMed: 38368057
DOI: 10.1016/j.jsmc.2023.12.003