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Cellular Microbiology Sep 2018Although nontyphoidal Salmonella (NTS; including Salmonella Typhimurium) mainly cause gastroenteritis, typhoidal serovars (Salmonella Typhi and Salmonella Paratyphi A)... (Review)
Review
Although nontyphoidal Salmonella (NTS; including Salmonella Typhimurium) mainly cause gastroenteritis, typhoidal serovars (Salmonella Typhi and Salmonella Paratyphi A) cause typhoid fever, the treatment of which is threatened by increasing drug resistance. Our understanding of S. Typhi infection in human remains poorly understood, likely due to the host restriction of typhoidal strains and the subsequent popularity of the S. Typhimurium mouse typhoid model. However, translating findings with S. Typhimurium across to S. Typhi has some limitations. Notably, S. Typhi has specific virulence factors, including typhoid toxin and Vi antigen, involved in symptom development and immune evasion, respectively. In addition to unique virulence factors, both typhoidal and NTS rely on two pathogenicity-island encoded type III secretion systems (T3SS), the SPI-1 and SPI-2 T3SS, for invasion and intracellular replication. Marked differences have been observed in terms of T3SS regulation in response to bile, oxygen, and fever-like temperatures. Moreover, approximately half of effectors found in S. Typhimurium are either absent or pseudogenes in S. Typhi, with most of the remaining exhibiting sequence variation. Typhoidal-specific T3SS effectors have also been described. This review discusses what is known about the pathogenesis of typhoidal Salmonella with emphasis on unique behaviours and key differences when compared with S. Typhimurium.
Topics: Animals; Genomic Islands; Humans; Immune Evasion; Mice; Paratyphoid Fever; Salmonella paratyphi A; Salmonella typhi; Type III Secretion Systems; Typhoid Fever; Virulence Factors
PubMed: 30030897
DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12939 -
Revista Espanola de Quimioterapia :... Apr 2021
Topics: Humans; India; Paratyphoid Fever; Salmonella typhi; Typhoid Fever
PubMed: 33657777
DOI: 10.37201/req/139.2020 -
Microbes and Infection Sep 2020
Topics: Animals; Bacterial Proteins; Caspases; History, 16th Century; History, 21st Century; History, Medieval; Humans; Inflammation; Male; Paratyphoid Fever; Receptor-Interacting Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; Salmonella enterica
PubMed: 31838130
DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2019.11.003 -
Lancet (London, England) Nov 2005
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Developing Countries; Diagnosis, Differential; Humans; Paratyphoid Fever; Typhoid Fever; Typhoid-Paratyphoid Vaccines
PubMed: 16271636
DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(05)67652-0 -
Zhonghua Liu Xing Bing Xue Za Zhi =... Sep 2010
Review
Topics: Humans; Paratyphoid Fever; Public Health Surveillance; Typhoid Fever
PubMed: 21162876
DOI: No ID Found -
BMC Public Health May 2023Typhoid fever and paratyphoid fever are one of the most criticial public health issues worldwide, especially in developing countries. The incidence of this disease may...
BACKGROUND
Typhoid fever and paratyphoid fever are one of the most criticial public health issues worldwide, especially in developing countries. The incidence of this disease may be closely related to socio-economic factors, but there is a lack of research on the spatial level of relevant determinants of typhoid fever and paratyphoid fever.
METHODS
In this study, we took Hunan Province in central China as an example and collected the data on typhoid and paratyphoid incidence and socio-economic factors in 2015-2019. Firstly spatial mapping was made on the disease prevalence, and again using geographical probe model to explore the critical influencing factors of typhoid and paratyphoid, finally employing MGWR model to analysis the spatial heterogeneity of these factors.
RESULTS
The results showed that the incidence of typhoid and paratyphoid fever was seasonal and periodic and frequently occurred in summer. In the case of total typhoid and paratyphoid fever, Yongzhou was the most popular, followed by Xiangxi Tujia and Miao Autonomous Prefecture, Huaihua and Chenzhou generally focused on the south and west. And Yueyang, Changde and Loudi had a slight increase trend year by year from 2015 to 2019. Moreover, the significant effects on the incidence of typhoid and paratyphoid fever from strong to weak were as follows: gender ratio(q = 0.4589), students in ordinary institutions of higher learning(q = 0.2040), per capita disposable income of all residents(q = 0.1777), number of foreign tourists received(q = 0.1697), per capita GDP(q = 0.1589), and the P values for these factors were less than 0.001. According to the MGWR model, gender ratio, per capita disposable income of all residents and Number of foreign tourists received had a positive effect on the incidence of typhoid and paratyphoid fever. In contrast, students in ordinary institutions of higher learning had a negative impact, and per capita GDP shows a bipolar change.
CONCLUSIONS
The incidence of typhoid and paratyphoid fever in Hunan Province from 2015 to 2019 was a marked seasonality, concentrated in the south and west of Hunan Province. Attention should be paid to the prevention and control of critical periods and concentrated areas. Different socio-economic factors may show other directions and degrees of action in other prefecture-level cities. To summarize, health education, entry-exit epidemic prevention and control can be strengthened. This study may be beneficial to carry out targeted, hierarchical and focused prevention and control of typhoid fever and paratyphoid fever, and provide scientific reference for related theoretical research.
Topics: Humans; Typhoid Fever; Paratyphoid Fever; Seasons; China; Incidence; Socioeconomic Factors
PubMed: 37217879
DOI: 10.1186/s12889-023-15738-0 -
Journal of Infection in Developing... Dec 2008Enteric fever (typhoid and paratyphoid fever) is a major human bacterial infection. Although the disease is not common in industrialised countries, it remains an... (Review)
Review
Enteric fever (typhoid and paratyphoid fever) is a major human bacterial infection. Although the disease is not common in industrialised countries, it remains an important and persistent health problem in developing nations. Hospital-based studies and outbreak reports from India indicate that enteric fever is a major public health problem in this country, with Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi (S. Typhi) the most common aetiologic agent but with an apparently increasing number of cases due to S. Paratyphi A (SPA). Because risk factors such as poor sanitation, lack of a safe drinking water supply and low socio economic conditions in resource-poor countries are amplified by the evolution of multidrug resistant salmonellae with reduced susceptibility to fluoroquinolone, treatment failure cases have been reported in India, which is associated with increased mortality and morbidity. Vaccination, which requires strict planning and proper targeting of the vulnerable age groups, is considered to be an effective tool in controlling this disease in endemic areas, given there is development of a conjugate vaccine against both serovars (S. Typhi and S. Para A).
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Humans; India; Paratyphoid Fever; Public Health; Salmonella paratyphi A; Salmonella typhi; Typhoid Fever; Typhoid-Paratyphoid Vaccines
PubMed: 19745523
DOI: 10.3855/jidc.161 -
Lancet (London, England) Apr 2024
Topics: Humans; Typhoid Fever; Paratyphoid Fever; Vaccines, Conjugate; Vaccines, Combined; Salmonella typhi; Typhoid-Paratyphoid Vaccines
PubMed: 38555929
DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(24)00461-6 -
Nihon Rinsho. Japanese Journal of... Feb 2003
Review
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Diagnosis, Differential; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Humans; Paratyphoid Fever; Prognosis; Salmonella paratyphi A; Salmonella typhi; Serotyping; Typhoid Fever
PubMed: 12722250
DOI: No ID Found -
Revue Scientifique Et Technique... Aug 2000The paratyphoid Salmonella bacteria, comprising more than 2,000 serovars or serotypes, are a major problem to the poultry industry. This is largely the result of entry... (Review)
Review
The paratyphoid Salmonella bacteria, comprising more than 2,000 serovars or serotypes, are a major problem to the poultry industry. This is largely the result of entry of the bacteria into the human food chain. Human infection takes the form of a gastroenteritis, which in highly susceptible individuals can result in death. Some strains of certain serotypes have the capacity to produce morbidity and mortality in very young chickens. In adult birds, some serovars become localised in the reproductive tract with concomitant vertical transmission. The association between S. Enteritidis and table eggs has produced a great deal of publicity and concern with resulting national and international attempts at controlling the major serotypes, S. Typhimurium and S. Enteritidis, at the breeder and layer level. Control is possible through rigorous hygiene and management procedures, but is not always economically viable. As a result, control by serological and bacteriological testing and slaughter may also not be feasible. Antibiotics have been used to reduce carriage but can cause problems of resistance and increased susceptibility. The use of growth promoting antibiotics can also increase susceptibility to infection. Other means of increasing the resistance of poultry to infection are therefore being sought. These include the use of intestinal flora preparations for competitive exclusion of Salmonella from newly hatched chicks. Killed and live vaccines are used, both with some success. However, the safety of some live vaccines is still uncertain.
Topics: Animals; Chickens; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Humans; Paratyphoid Fever; Poultry Diseases; Salmonella Food Poisoning; Salmonella enterica; Turkeys; Zoonoses
PubMed: 10935268
DOI: 10.20506/rst.19.2.1225