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Zhonghua Liu Xing Bing Xue Za Zhi =... Jun 2017Through analyzing the surveillance data on typhoid fever and paratyphoid fever in 2015 to understand the related epidemiological features and most possible clustering...
Through analyzing the surveillance data on typhoid fever and paratyphoid fever in 2015 to understand the related epidemiological features and most possible clustering areas of high incidence. Individual data was collected from the passive surveillance program and analyzed by descriptive statistic method. Characteristics on seasonal, regional and distribution of the diseases were described. Spatial-temporal clustering characteristics were estimated, under the retrospective space-time method. A total of 8 850 typhoid fever cases were reported from the surveillance system, with incidence rate as 0.65/100 000. The number of paratyphoid fever cases was 2 794, with incidence rate as 0.21/100 000. Both cases of typhoid fever and paratyphoid fever occurred all year round, with high epidemic season from May to October. Most cases involved farmers (39.68), children (15.89) and students (12.01). Children under 5 years showed the highest incidence rate. Retrospective space-time analysis for provinces with high incidence rates would include Yunnan, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hunan and Guangdong, indicating the first and second class clusters were mainly distributed near the bordering adjacent districts and counties among the provinces. In 2015, the prevalence rates of typhoid fever and paratyphoid fever were low, however with regional high prevalence areas. Cross regional transmission existed among provinces with high incidence rates which might be responsible for the clusters to appear in these areas.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Age Distribution; Child; Child, Preschool; China; Epidemics; Farmers; Female; Humans; Incidence; Infant; Male; Middle Aged; Paratyphoid Fever; Population Surveillance; Retrospective Studies; Seasons; Spatio-Temporal Analysis; Students; Typhoid Fever
PubMed: 28647977
DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.0254-6450.2017.06.013 -
Emerging Infectious Diseases 1997
Topics: Adult; Disease Outbreaks; Female; Humans; India; Male; Paratyphoid Fever; Salmonella paratyphi A; Serotyping; Water Microbiology
PubMed: 9284393
DOI: 10.3201/eid0303.970325 -
Lancet (London, England) Aug 1961
Topics: Cocos; Foodborne Diseases; Humans; Paratyphoid Fever
PubMed: 13750036
DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(61)90653-5 -
The Journal of Infectious Diseases Dec 2021Low- and middle-income countries face a high burden of typhoid and paratyphoid fever due to poor water quality and inadequate sanitation. The World Health Organization...
Low- and middle-income countries face a high burden of typhoid and paratyphoid fever due to poor water quality and inadequate sanitation. The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends the use of typhoid conjugate vaccines (TCV) in endemic settings and Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance, supports TCV introduction. There are currently 2 WHO-prequalified TCVs with Typbar TCV introduced in Pakistan, Liberia, and Zimbabwe. Countries should assess disease burden and consider introduction of TCV for programmatic use. Several paratyphoid vaccine candidates are in early stages of development. An effective bivalent vaccine would be the most efficient way to control typhoid and paratyphoid fever.
Topics: Endemic Diseases; Humans; Paratyphoid Fever; Salmonella typhi; Typhoid Fever; Typhoid-Paratyphoid Vaccines; Vaccines, Conjugate; World Health Organization
PubMed: 34374785
DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiab393 -
Nihon Rinsho. Japanese Journal of... Nov 2001
Review
Topics: Cholera; Diagnosis, Differential; Humans; Japan; Paratyphoid Fever; Travel; Typhoid Fever
PubMed: 11808175
DOI: No ID Found -
Journal of Travel Medicine 2008A 15-year-old Nepalese boy with fever was thought to have enteric fever and started on cefixime. His blood culture grew Salmonella paratyphoid A. On the sixth day, he...
A 15-year-old Nepalese boy with fever was thought to have enteric fever and started on cefixime. His blood culture grew Salmonella paratyphoid A. On the sixth day, he developed gastrointestinal bleeding, disseminated intravascular coagulation, and later, acute respiratory distress syndrome. He succumbed to his illness despite treatment in the intensive care unit with ceftriaxone, intravenous fluids, and mechanical ventilation. Salmonella paratyphoid A, for which there is no commercial vaccine, may not be a benign disease as perceived, and cefixime that is recommended for enteric fever may be an ineffective choice.
Topics: Adolescent; Fatal Outcome; Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage; Humans; Male; Nepal; Paratyphoid Fever; Respiratory Distress Syndrome; Salmonella paratyphi A
PubMed: 19006513
DOI: 10.1111/j.1708-8305.2008.00238.x -
The American Journal of Tropical... Sep 2018This article is the introduction to a 12-paper supplement on global trends in typhoid fever. The Tackling Typhoid (T2) project was initiated in 2015 to synthesize the...
This article is the introduction to a 12-paper supplement on global trends in typhoid fever. The Tackling Typhoid (T2) project was initiated in 2015 to synthesize the existing body of literature on typhoidal and study national and regional typhoid fever trends. In addition to a global systematic review, eight case studies were undertaken to examine typhoid and paratyphoid fever trends in endemic countries alongside changes in relevant contextual factors. Incidence variations exist both within and between regions with large subnational differences as well, suggesting that public health changes impacting typhoid and paratyphoid fevers in one setting may not have similar impacts in another. This supplement also brings to light the lack of national typhoid fever surveillance systems, inconsistencies in diagnostics, and the lack of typhoid fever associated morbidity and mortality data in many countries, making it difficult to accurately quantify and track burden of disease. To better understand typhoid fever there is a need for more high-quality data from resource-poor settings. The implementation of typhoid surveillance systems alongside the transition to blood-culture confirmation of cases, where possible, would aid in the improvement of data quality in low-income settings. The following supplement includes the results of our global systematic review, eight-country case study articles, a qualitative article informed by semistructured interviews, and a conclusion article on potential ways forward for typhoid control.
Topics: Global Health; Humans; Paratyphoid Fever; Public Health; Risk Factors; Salmonella paratyphi A; Salmonella typhi; Sanitation; Typhoid Fever; Water Microbiology
PubMed: 30047370
DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.18-0032 -
Emerging Infectious Diseases 1999
Topics: Blood; Child; Child, Preschool; Culture Media; Disease Outbreaks; Female; Humans; India; Male; Paratyphoid Fever; Retrospective Studies; Salmonella paratyphi A
PubMed: 10341194
DOI: 10.3201/eid0503.990329 -
Zhonghua Liu Xing Bing Xue Za Zhi =... Dec 1989
Review
Topics: Bacteriophage Typing; China; Humans; Paratyphoid Fever; Salmonella typhi; Typhoid Fever
PubMed: 2516479
DOI: No ID Found -
The Alabama Nurse 2014
Topics: Education, Nursing, Continuing; Humans; Nursing Staff; Paratyphoid Fever; Risk Factors; Risk Reduction Behavior; Travel; Typhoid Fever
PubMed: 24707582
DOI: No ID Found