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Journal of Clinical Child and... 2018We tested the similarity-fit hypothesis that predicts more positive parenting when both parent and child have high levels of ADHD symptoms compared to when only one does.
OBJECTIVE
We tested the similarity-fit hypothesis that predicts more positive parenting when both parent and child have high levels of ADHD symptoms compared to when only one does.
METHOD
Mothers and fathers of 156, 5 to 13 year old sons participated (110 boys with ADHD, 46 without). Parent inattentive and hyperactive-impulsive symptoms were examined, in interaction with child ADHD, as predictors of parental tolerance, empathy, encouragement of child autonomy, and positive parenting.
RESULTS
Several interactions of parent ADHD symptoms and child ADHD were detected which suggested that for parents with low levels of symptoms, the presence of child ADHD was associated with less positive parenting attitudes and behavior, but this negative relation between positive parenting and child ADHD was dampened among parents with more ADHD symptoms.
CONCLUSIONS
Considered alongside the well documented parenting difficulties associated with parental ADHD, our findings suggest that parental ADHD symptoms also may help to mitigate some of the challenges facing families of children with ADHD.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity; Attitude; Child; Child of Impaired Parents; Child, Preschool; Fathers; Female; Humans; Impulsive Behavior; Male; Middle Aged; Mothers; Motivation; Parenting; Parents
PubMed: 27359250
DOI: 10.1080/15374416.2016.1169538 -
Autism : the International Journal of... Apr 2023This study compared the first online parent training program for executive function intervention for autism to in-person parent training on the same content.... (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial
This study compared the first online parent training program for executive function intervention for autism to in-person parent training on the same content. Participants were parents of autistic children, who were between 8 and 12 years of age and did not have intellectual disability. Parents were randomized to the in-person ( = 51) or online ( = 46) training conditions. Both trainings were developed with stakeholder (parents and autistic people) guidance. In this trial, most parents reported that they liked both trainings and that they were able to implement what they learned with their children. Parents in both groups spent equivalent amounts of time (about 8 hours) with the training materials, but while 94% of parents in the in-person training attended both parent trainings, only 59% of parents in the online group completed all 10 online modules. Parents reported that it was difficult to stay motivated to complete the online trainings over the 10-week trial. Parent and child outcomes did not differ significantly between the groups. Overall, parents reported that the trainings resulted in a reduction in their own parenting strain and improvements in their child's flexibility, emotional control, and global executive function, but not planning and organization. These findings indicated brief in-person and online training can help parents learn to support and improve their autistic children's executive function abilities, reducing their own experience of parenting strain. The finding that the online training was equivalent to the in-person trainings is important because it is accessible to parents who encounter barriers to in-person care.
Topics: Child; Humans; Autistic Disorder; Executive Function; Autism Spectrum Disorder; Parents; Parenting
PubMed: 35916246
DOI: 10.1177/13623613221111212 -
Child: Care, Health and Development Sep 2018Parent-delivered therapy interventions for children with cerebral palsy can help achieve a sufficient therapy dose, improve parental mental well-being, and facilitate...
INTRODUCTION
Parent-delivered therapy interventions for children with cerebral palsy can help achieve a sufficient therapy dose, improve parental mental well-being, and facilitate parent-child relationships creating a more relaxed familial environment. However, parent-delivered interventions may also lead to increased parental stress, guilt if the therapy is not delivered, and time constraints. The primary aim of this review was to gain a deeper understanding of the determinants of effective parent-delivered therapy interventions.
METHOD
Searches were conducted in the following databases: Medline, PubMed, Scopus, Embase, CINAHL, and Cochrane. Studies had to meet the following inclusion criteria: descriptions of parent/health care professional/child experiences of parent-delivered therapy interventions for children and young people age 0-18 years with cerebral palsy, published in the English language between January 1989 and May 2017, with qualitative or mixed methods research design. The articles were critically appraised, then synthesized using a meta-ethnographic approach.
RESULTS
A literature search identified 17 articles, which met the inclusion criteria. Three main themes were identified: (a) building trusting relationships, (b) enabling the parents to cope, and (c) for parents and health care professionals to see the intervention as a priority. Further synthesis presented three concepts identifying the important aspects of the interventions: empowerment, motivation, and relationships.
CONCLUSIONS
The themes and concepts emerging from this qualitative synthesis can be addressed by specific points of action to support parent-delivered therapy interventions. We have summarized these in a checklist for use by intervention developers, health care professionals, and parents.
Topics: Allied Health Personnel; Cerebral Palsy; Checklist; Child; Education, Nonprofessional; Humans; Parent-Child Relations; Parenting; Parents; Professional-Family Relations; Qualitative Research; Self Report
PubMed: 30033521
DOI: 10.1111/cch.12592 -
Journal of Child Psychology and... Aug 2022Symptoms of social anxiety rise rapidly during adolescence, particularly for girls. Pervasive displays of parental negative affect may increase adolescents' fear of...
BACKGROUND
Symptoms of social anxiety rise rapidly during adolescence, particularly for girls. Pervasive displays of parental negative affect may increase adolescents' fear of negative evaluation (FNE), thereby increasing risk for social anxiety symptoms. Adolescent displays of negative affect may also exacerbate parents' social anxiety symptoms (via FNE of their child or their parenting skills), yet little research has tested transactional pathways of transmission in families. By early adolescence, rates of parent-child conflict rise, and offspring become increasingly independent in their own displays of negative affect, increasing opportunities for hypothesized transactional pathways between parent-adolescent displays of negative affect and social anxiety symptoms.
METHODS
This study included 129 parents and daughters (11-13; no baseline social anxiety disorder), two-thirds of whom were at high risk for social anxiety due to a shy/fearful temperament. We used actor-partner interdependence models (APIM) to test whether displays of negative facial affect, assessed individually for each parent and daughter during a conflict discussion, would predict their partner's social anxiety symptoms two years later. Automated facial affect coding assessed the frequency of negative affect during the discussion. Clinician ratings of social anxiety symptoms were completed at baseline and two-year follow-up.
RESULTS
Both parents and daughters who displayed more frequent negative facial affect at baseline had partners with higher follow-up social anxiety symptoms, an effect that was maintained after accounting for actors' and partners' baseline symptoms.
CONCLUSIONS
Findings are consistent with intergenerational models positing that parental negative affective behaviors increase risk for adolescent social anxiety symptoms but also suggest that adolescent negative facial affect may exacerbate parental social anxiety symptoms. These bidirectional effects improve understanding of how social anxiety is maintained within a transactional family structure and highlight that displays of negative affect during parent-adolescent interaction may warrant future examination as a potential treatment target for adolescent social anxiety.
Topics: Adolescent; Anxiety; Facial Expression; Fear; Female; Humans; Parent-Child Relations; Parenting; Parents
PubMed: 34617605
DOI: 10.1111/jcpp.13530 -
Journal of Attention Disorders Nov 2018To use a multi-method approach to examine the association of parental ADHD and gender with observed and self-reported parenting beliefs and behaviors.
OBJECTIVE
To use a multi-method approach to examine the association of parental ADHD and gender with observed and self-reported parenting beliefs and behaviors.
METHOD
Seventy-nine mother-father dyads completed measures of child behavior and impairment, parenting beliefs and behaviors, and self- and partner ratings of ADHD symptoms and functional impairment. Forty-five parents also completed structured parent-child interactions.
RESULTS
A hierarchical linear model suggests impairment in functional domains may be associated with negative emotions about parenting and less effective parenting strategies. For fathers, greater severity of partner-reported symptoms of ADHD may be associated with greater frequency of negative talk during parent-child interactions.
CONCLUSION
Findings suggest that higher levels of parental ADHD symptoms and functional impairment may be associated with reported beliefs and behaviors related to parenting. Differences emerged among mothers' and fathers' use of parenting strategies when self- and other-report of ADHD symptoms and impairment were assessed.
Topics: Adult; Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity; Child; Child Behavior; Fathers; Female; Humans; Male; Mothers; Parent-Child Relations; Parenting; Parents; Self Report; Sex Factors; Sexual Partners
PubMed: 25555630
DOI: 10.1177/1087054714562587 -
Applied Neuropsychology. Child 2022Parent-related stress represents the level of dysfunction in the parent-child system related to the parents' functioning. The aim of this retrospective pilot study was...
Parent-related stress represents the level of dysfunction in the parent-child system related to the parents' functioning. The aim of this retrospective pilot study was to assess the degree of stress perceived by mothers and fathers, in the framework of a family-centred approach to rehabilitation.We considered 43 parents of 29 children with cerebral palsy, genetic disorders or brain injury admitted to a neurological rehabilitation center. Parenting stress was assessed with the self-report questionnaire and a semi-structured investigation of situational stress factors of the family. The cognitive and motor disability of the children were assessed with the (DSM-5) and the GMFCS), respectively.The results showed that parental stress is directly correlated with the level of cognitive and behavioral disability and not with motor disability. No significant difference was found in the level of stress perceived by mothers and fathers. The effect of a worsening occupational situation seemed to influence the perception of stress more than a change in the formal relationship of the couple, but neither was statistically significant.
Topics: Disabled Persons; Female; Humans; Intellectual Disability; Motor Disorders; Parenting; Parents; Pilot Projects; Retrospective Studies
PubMed: 34491869
DOI: 10.1080/21622965.2021.1971525 -
Child Psychiatry and Human Development Oct 2018Anxiety sensitivity (AS) is the perception that anxiety symptoms and experiences have negative consequences, and has been identified as a risk factor for the development...
Anxiety sensitivity (AS) is the perception that anxiety symptoms and experiences have negative consequences, and has been identified as a risk factor for the development of anxiety disorders. AS has been measured in adults and in children, but to date, the construct of parent's sensitivity to their children's anxiety symptoms has not been identified, measured, or evaluated. The current study presents a novel measure of this construct, the Parent Sensitivity to Child Anxiety Index (PSCAI), and an initial evaluation of its psychometric properties. Factor analysis revealed a three-factor structure consisting of parents' concern for physical symptoms, concern of social evaluation, and fear of anxiety symptoms. The PSCAI demonstrated good internal consistency, and was positively correlated with relevant parental constructs such as parental accommodation, anxiety sensitivity, and trait anxiety. This new measurement system opens new avenues for researching the early development of anxiety disorders and the possibility for novel targeted interventions.
Topics: Adult; Anxiety; Child; Child, Preschool; Female; Humans; Parent-Child Relations; Parenting; Parents; Psychological Techniques; Psychometrics
PubMed: 29541964
DOI: 10.1007/s10578-018-0797-5 -
Journal of Adolescence Dec 2021Positive parenting practices are known to be related to lower levels of youth offending. Questions remain as to the overlap between youth and parent perceptions of...
INTRODUCTION
Positive parenting practices are known to be related to lower levels of youth offending. Questions remain as to the overlap between youth and parent perceptions of parenting practices, and the relationship of perception discrepancies with youth offending. This study examines the concordance of parenting behaviors reports, the relationship between parent and youth perceptions of parenting measures with youth offending, and whether discordant youth and parent reports are related to heterogeneity in youth offending.
METHODS
Survey data from 818 high risk U.S. youth averaging 16 years old who participated in the Pathways to Desistance study and his or her parent form the basis of this analysis.
RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS
Results demonstrate youth and parent reports of parental knowledge and parental monitoring are correlated, yet independent predictors of youth offending variety scores. Youth and parent reports about parenting measures demonstrate youth offending is highest when youth perceive parents as uninvolved, and lowest when youth estimates of parental knowledge and monitoring are higher than parent estimates. Parenting matters for high-risk youth, especially in reducing the likelihood of property offending. Using multiple perspectives to assess parenting practices is important in studying these dyadic relationships.
Topics: Adolescent; Humans; Parenting; Parents
PubMed: 34781104
DOI: 10.1016/j.adolescence.2021.10.009 -
Development and Psychopathology Aug 2022Temperamental behavioral inhibition (BI) is a robust endophenotype for anxiety characterized by increased sensitivity to novelty. Controlling parenting can reinforce...
Temperamental behavioral inhibition (BI) is a robust endophenotype for anxiety characterized by increased sensitivity to novelty. Controlling parenting can reinforce children's wariness by rewarding signs of distress. Fine-grained, dynamic measures are needed to better understand both how children perceive their parent's behaviors and the mechanisms supporting evident relations between parenting and socioemotional functioning. The current study examined dyadic attractor patterns (average mean durations) with state space grids, using children's attention patterns (captured via mobile eye tracking) and parental behavior (positive reinforcement, teaching, directives, intrusion), as functions of child BI and parent anxiety. Forty 5- to 7-year-old children and their primary caregivers completed a set of challenging puzzles, during which the child wore a head-mounted eye tracker. Child BI was positively correlated with proportion of parent's time spent teaching. Child age was negatively related, and parent anxiety level was positively related, to parent-focused/controlling parenting attractor strength. There was a significant interaction between parent anxiety level and child age predicting parent-focused/controlling parenting attractor strength. This study is a first step to examining the co-occurrence of parenting behavior and child attention in the context of child BI and parental anxiety levels.
Topics: Anxiety; Anxiety Disorders; Child; Child, Preschool; Eye-Tracking Technology; Humans; Parent-Child Relations; Parenting; Parents
PubMed: 33446285
DOI: 10.1017/S0954579420001601 -
Journal of Youth and Adolescence May 2024How parent-child discrepancies in perceived parental control associate with children's prosocial behaviors remains unknown. This study examined this issue in 578 Chinese...
How parent-child discrepancies in perceived parental control associate with children's prosocial behaviors remains unknown. This study examined this issue in 578 Chinese children (297 girls, M = 10.85, SD = 0.72) and their mothers and fathers. Parents and children reported parental psychological and behavioral control, and children reported their prosocial behaviors. The latent difference scores modeling showed that compared to parents' perceptions, children's higher perceptions of guilt induction were related to more public prosocial behaviors; higher perceptions of love withdrawal were linked to fewer altruistic, compliant, emotional, and dire prosocial behaviors; and higher reporting of solicitation was associated with more general prosocial behaviors. The findings revealed the association between parent-child discrepancies and early adolescents' prosocial behaviors, supporting both the discrepancy-maladaptive hypotheses and the discrepancy-adaptive hypotheses within Chinese families.
Topics: Female; Humans; Adolescent; Child; Infant; Altruism; Parenting; Parent-Child Relations; Parents; China
PubMed: 38217835
DOI: 10.1007/s10964-023-01938-9