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Artificial Organs Jul 2013Titanium net (meshes) with excellent mechanical properties can promote bone compatibility and has been used as a repairing material for bone defects in clinical...
Titanium net (meshes) with excellent mechanical properties can promote bone compatibility and has been used as a repairing material for bone defects in clinical settings. In the present study, using spiral computed tomography (CT) and histomorphological techniques, we investigated the effect of a novel kind of titanium web with a three-dimensional (3D) porous structure on bone formation in rabbit skull (os parietal) defect. The images from the spiral CT scan demonstrate that the titanium web is completely fused with the surrounding bone tissue, even at the first month after implantation. The histomorphological findings show that different cells and tissues, including osseous tissue, connective tissue, and adipose cells, can easily grow into the 3D scaffold meshes of the titanium web, even in the center of the web and combine together as a whole body, suggesting that the titanium web possesses a very good biocompatibility, which is beneficial to the growth of bone tissue and promotes healing of the defected rabbit skull.
Topics: Animals; Bone Regeneration; Equipment Design; Orthopedic Procedures; Osseointegration; Parietal Bone; Porosity; Rabbits; Surgical Mesh; Time Factors; Tissue Scaffolds; Titanium; Tomography, Spiral Computed
PubMed: 23565586
DOI: 10.1111/aor.12058 -
Journal of Cranio-maxillo-facial... Jul 2010Despite its clinical usefulness, the internal structure and remodelling of parietal bone remained poorly documented. The aim of this study was to gain reliable...
OBJECTIVE
Despite its clinical usefulness, the internal structure and remodelling of parietal bone remained poorly documented. The aim of this study was to gain reliable information on parietal bone remodelling in living humans.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
This study provided a site-specific analysis of static indices of turnover in relation to gender and age by using leftovers of parietal bone sampled in 100 patients (78 females; 22 males, aged 16-79 years).
RESULTS
The bone architecture, cortical thickness, trabecular volume and cortical volume (C.Th, BV/TV, BV/CV) did not vary with gender. The number of osteoclasts (N.Oc/BPm) and the resorption surface (Oc.S/BS) were higher in females (p<0.05) when osteoclast resorbing activity did not vary with gender. Bone formation, osteoid surface (OS/BS) and surface covered by alkaline phosphatase-positive osteogenic cells (ALPS/BS) were higher in females (p<0.05 and p<0.01 respectively). All these parameters remained stable with aging. The osteocytic parameters, number of osteocytes (Ot.N/B.Ar) and number of osteocyte lacunae (T.L.N/B.Ar) were higher in females (p<0.05) and decreased with age in both genders (p<0.01).
CONCLUSION
This study highlights the low and stable remodelling in the parietal bone. It appears to be higher in women. This stability probably reflects the low mechanical strains applied to the skull, particularly to the parietal bone.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Age Factors; Aged; Bone Density; Bone Remodeling; Cephalometry; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Parietal Bone; Reference Values; Sex Factors; Young Adult
PubMed: 20116271
DOI: 10.1016/j.jcms.2009.07.012 -
The Journal of Craniofacial Surgery Mar 2008This immunolocalization study was performed to investigate the temporal and spatial expression of tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinase (TIMP) 1 within endochondral and...
This immunolocalization study was performed to investigate the temporal and spatial expression of tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinase (TIMP) 1 within endochondral and intramembranous bone grafts during the early stages of healing, in the hope of gaining a better understanding of the mechanisms of bone graft healing, which could influence the choice of bone graft used. Twenty-seven adult New Zealand White rabbits were used as the experimental model. Autogenous bone grafts taken from the cranial bone (intramembranous in origin) and the femur (endochondral in origin) were grafted into skull defects created on either side of the parietal suture. Rabbits were killed on days 1 to 9 postgrafting, and the bone graft alone was harvested for immunolocalization of TIMP-1. In endochondral bone grafts, TIMP-1 was expressed on days 1 to 3, followed by a period of absence until days 8 and 9. Intramembranous bone grafts did not express TIMP-1 until days 6 to 9. The timing and location of TIMP-1 expression coincided with osteogenesis, which indicates a role for TIMP-1 in preserving newly formed bone during the initial stages of graft healing. The differential temporal expression of TIMP-1 in endochondral and intramembranous bone grafts suggests that bone graft type plays an important role in influencing the healing process mediated by the host tissues. The earlier expression of TIMP-1 in endochondral bone grafts could be the reason for delayed vascularization of defects containing these grafts, whereas the delayed expression of TIMP-1 in intramembranous bone grafts could allow earlier vascularization of the intramembranous bone grafts.
Topics: Animals; Bone Diseases; Bone Transplantation; Coloring Agents; Disease Models, Animal; Granulation Tissue; Immunohistochemistry; Osteogenesis; Parietal Bone; Rabbits; Time Factors; Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-1; Wound Healing
PubMed: 18362716
DOI: 10.1097/SCS.0b013e318163f936 -
Journal of Cranio-maxillo-facial... Nov 2018The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of systemic EPO treatment alone or in combination with xenogenic bone graft augmentation on bone regeneration....
The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of systemic EPO treatment alone or in combination with xenogenic bone graft augmentation on bone regeneration. Eleven adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were used in the present study. Rats were subjected to bilateral 5 mm critical size bone defects on the parietal bones under general anaesthesia. Right parietal bone defects were augmented with xenogenic bone graft and left parietal bone defect was left empty. Rats were randomly assigned for one of the two groups. One group of rats received (i) vehicle (n = 6) and other group received (ii) EPO (500IU kg/day) (n = 5). EPO treatment was continued for 28 days. Vascularization was analysed by immunohistochemical staining of CD31 (PECAM-1) and new bone formation was histomorphometrically evaluated. Xenogenic graft augmentation enhanced bone formation and vascularization significantly in either vehicle or EPO treated groups (p < 0.05). Histomorphometric results of angiogenesis was similar in the EPO treated group and the control group. However, angiogenesis was significantly higher in the combination of systemic EPO treatment with graft augmentation than graft augmentation alone (p < 0.01). Graft augmentation for treatment of critical size bone defects seems essential for proper bone healing. Results of the present study suggest that EPO potentiates the regenerative processes of augmented bone defects.
Topics: Animals; Bone Regeneration; Bone Transplantation; Erythropoietin; Male; Osteogenesis; Parietal Bone; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley
PubMed: 30301650
DOI: 10.1016/j.jcms.2018.09.015 -
The Journal of Craniofacial SurgeryEnlarged biparietal foramina is an autosomal dominant disorder that is caused by a failure of completion of ossification within the parietal bones. Enlarged parietal...
Enlarged biparietal foramina is an autosomal dominant disorder that is caused by a failure of completion of ossification within the parietal bones. Enlarged parietal foramina measuring more than a few millimeters are uncommon. Even though spontaneous regression has been described, closure is rarely complete, and depending on the size of the resulting defect, an unprotected brain is a concern. There are few reports on the surgical management of persistent enlarged biparietal foramina. This is the first report describing our experience with a custom porous polyethylene implant.
Topics: Humans; Polyethylene; Porosity; Dental Implants; Encephalocele; Parietal Bone
PubMed: 37126764
DOI: 10.1097/SCS.0000000000009311 -
Archives of Histology and Cytology Jun 2005To understand the bone resorption process on the basis of the morphology of bone resorption lacunae, the inner surface of parietal bones in juvenile mice was exposed... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
To understand the bone resorption process on the basis of the morphology of bone resorption lacunae, the inner surface of parietal bones in juvenile mice was exposed with a treatment of ultrasonic waves or NaOCl treatment and examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The bone resorption lacunae were divided into two types (I and II) according to differences in morphological features of their walls; the wall of type I lacunae was covered with loose collagen fibrils, while that of type II lacunae was smooth with almost no fibrillar structures. Collagen fibrils in type I lacunae treated with ultrasonic waves differed in appearance from those treated with NaOCl; the collagen fibrils were thin and displayed a smooth surface in type I lacunae treated with ultrasonic waves, while they were thick and showed a rough surface in those treated with NaOCl-probably because superficial uncalcified collagen fibrils were digested with the chemical. The results indicated that type I lacunae occupied 77% of all of the bone resorption lacunae treated with ultrasonic waves, but 51% of those treated with NaOCl. This finding led to the idea that type I lacunae can be subdivided into two: lacunae (Ia), covered with partially calcified fibrils as well as superficial uncalcified fibrils; and lacunae (Ib), covered only with uncalcified fibrils. The presence of uncalcified fibrils in the bone resorption lacunae was further confirmed by backscattered electron (BSE) imaging of SEM. Histochemistry for acid phosphatase or immuno-histochemistry for cathepsin B or carbonic anhydrase in combination with SEM revealed that type I lacunae were located under osteoclasts but type II lacunae were not. These findings indicate that type I lacunae are in the process of bone resorption by osteoclasts, while type II lacunae are in the final stage of bone resorption and free from osteoclasts. Bone resorption may thus proceed in the order of Ia, Ib, and II.
Topics: Animals; Bone Resorption; Carbonic Anhydrases; Cathepsin B; Immunohistochemistry; Mice; Microscopy, Confocal; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; Models, Biological; Osteoblasts; Osteogenesis; Parietal Bone; Sodium Hypochlorite; Ultrasonics
PubMed: 16079456
DOI: 10.1679/aohc.68.103 -
PloS One 2016Maxillofacial trauma are common, secondary to road traffic accident, sports injury, falls and require sophisticated radiological imaging to precisely diagnose. A direct...
Maxillofacial trauma are common, secondary to road traffic accident, sports injury, falls and require sophisticated radiological imaging to precisely diagnose. A direct surgical reconstruction is complex and require clinical expertise. Bio-modelling helps in reconstructing surface model from 2D contours. In this manuscript we have constructed the 3D surface using 2D Computerized Tomography (CT) scan contours. The fracture part of the cranial vault are reconstructed using GC1 rational cubic Ball curve with three free parameters, later the 2D contours are flipped into 3D with equidistant z component. The constructed surface is represented by contours blending interpolant. At the end of this manuscript a case report of parietal bone fracture is also illustrated by employing this method with a Graphical User Interface (GUI) illustration.
Topics: Algorithms; Humans; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; Imaging, Three-Dimensional; Mandibular Reconstruction; Models, Anatomic; Parietal Bone; Skull Fractures; Tomography, X-Ray Computed
PubMed: 26967643
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0149921 -
Clinical Oral Implants Research Apr 2005Cranial vault is widely used in experimental models on membranous bone healing in general, guided bone augmentation (GBA) studies being one example. To our knowledge,... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
OBJECTIVES
Cranial vault is widely used in experimental models on membranous bone healing in general, guided bone augmentation (GBA) studies being one example. To our knowledge, however, few studies on the characteristics of the untreated calvaria regarding bone density, vessel topography, and their intra/interindividual variations and associations are available. The aims of this investigation were to (1) map the large vessel topography of the skull vault, (2) describe the parietal bones of the adult rabbit histologically and morphometrically, and (3) histologically compare untreated parietal bone with parietal bone that had been treated with a GBA device.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
Ten adult untreated rabbits were microangiographed. General anesthesia was induced and the mediastinum was opened. Heparin and lidocaine were injected in the aorta followed by perfusion with India ink. After death, en bloc biopsies of the skull vault including the overlying soft tissues and dura mater were taken. The specimens were cleared with the Spalteholtz technique, microscopically examined, and digitally imaged. Thereafter, circular biopsies were harvested to obtain decalcified sections. In addition, sections from 14 GBA-treated rabbit skulls (of the same race, sex and age as the untreated animals) served as reference specimens for comparison. Histomorphometric examinations were carried out.
RESULTS
In the cleared specimens, all parietal bones were found to be supplied by one major branch of the meningeal artery. From each of these, separate branches supplied the dura wherein a fine vessel network covered the bone. No major vessels were found in the supracalvarial soft tissue. Numerous fine vessels were found within the periosteum and dura entering the cortical plates. The decalcified sections of the parietal bones revealed an outer and inner cortical plate enveloping a diploic space containing bone trabeculae, marrow tissue and larger sinusoids. Hollow connections were frequently found in both the outer and inner cortical plates in both the untreated and the GBA-treated specimens. These connections contained marrow tissue that extended to the periosteum and the dura. The morphometric measurements revealed similar proportions of cortical, trabecular, and marrow areas in the right and left untreated bones. The area of the outer cortical plate was significantly larger than the area of the inner cortical plate. Bone density was similar in the right and left untreated and GBA-treated specimens, as was the frequency and width of hollow connections through the cortical bone plates.
CONCLUSIONS
The symmetry between the left and right parietal bones concerning the large vessel topography and the histomorphometric parameters assessed was high. Hollow connections in the cortical plates were frequently found. The bilateral use of the parietal bones is suggested to be reliable in experimental GBA models regarding the blood supply and bone quality.
Topics: Animals; Bone Density; Bone Regeneration; Guided Tissue Regeneration; Parietal Bone; Rabbits; Skull
PubMed: 15777333
DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0501.2004.01098.x -
The Journal of Craniofacial Surgery Jan 2015It remains unknown whether bone graft vascularity influences calvarial healing. The purposes of this study were (1) to develop a model to study nonvascularized and...
It remains unknown whether bone graft vascularity influences calvarial healing. The purposes of this study were (1) to develop a model to study nonvascularized and vascularized calvarial grafts as well as (2) to compare effects of bone graft vascularity on calvarial healing. Bilateral calvarial defects were created in 26 Wistar rats. The defects were left empty within 1 parietal region. On the contralateral side, the defects were partially closed with native parietal bone (control group, n = 6), nonvascularized (N-V, n = 10), or vascularized bone grafts (VAS, n = 10). The vascularized grafts were supplied by perforating dural arterioles. Bone mineralization and healing patterns from serial microcomputed tomographic scans were compared within and across the groups using parametric and nonparametric tests. Differences in bone mineral content across sides were significant between the groups at weeks 6 (P = 0.016) and 12 (P = 0.025). Bone formation was greater within both the control and VAS groups versus the N-V group at weeks 6 and 12 (P < 0.05). Healing patterns differed between the groups (P < 0.05), progressing through islands of new bone formation within the control and VAS groups while limited to defect margins on the N-V graft side. In conclusion, a bilateral calvarial defect model was established to study bone graft vascularity. Bone quantity and healing patterns differed in the presence of the nonvascularized versus vascularized grafts. Although the calvarial defect model is often applied within the plastic surgery literature to study bone substitutes, greater understanding of basic mechanisms influencing calvarial healing is first needed to avoid confounding results.
Topics: Analysis of Variance; Animals; Bone Density; Bone Transplantation; Disease Models, Animal; Male; Osteogenesis; Parietal Bone; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Plastic Surgery Procedures; Wound Healing; X-Ray Microtomography
PubMed: 25569402
DOI: 10.1097/SCS.0000000000001241 -
Osteoarthritis and Cartilage Aug 2007Puerarin is one of the major phytoestrogens isolated from Pueraria lobata, a Chinese medicine known as Gegen. Our laboratory compared the amount of new bone produced by...
OBJECTIVE
Puerarin is one of the major phytoestrogens isolated from Pueraria lobata, a Chinese medicine known as Gegen. Our laboratory compared the amount of new bone produced by puerarin in collagen matrix (carrier) to that produced by the collagen matrix alone.
METHOD
Eighteen bone defects, 5mm by 10mm were created in the parietal bone of nine New Zealand White rabbits. In the experimental group, six defects were grafted with puerarin solution mixed with collagen matrix. In the control groups, six defects were grafted with collagen matrix alone (active control) and six were left empty (passive control). Animals were killed on day 14 and the defects were dissected and prepared for histological assessment. Serial sections were cut across each defect. No new bone was formed in the passive control group. Quantitative analysis of new bone formation was made on 100 sections (10 sections in each defect, in five defects randomly selected in each of the experimental group and active control group) using image analysis.
RESULTS
A total of 554% more new bone was present in defects grafted with puerarin in collagen matrix than those grafted with the collagen matrix alone.
CONCLUSION
Puerarin in collagen matrix has the effect of increasing new bone formation locally and can be used for bone grafting or for bone induction often required in surgery.
Topics: Animals; Bone Transplantation; Disease Models, Animal; Drugs, Chinese Herbal; Fracture Healing; Fractures, Bone; Isoflavones; Osteogenesis; Parietal Bone; Rabbits; Vasodilator Agents
PubMed: 17379543
DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2007.02.009