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International Review of Neurobiology 2017Atypical parkinsonism (AP) comprises mainly multiple system atrophy (MSA), progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP), and corticobasal degeneration (CBD), which are distinct... (Review)
Review
Atypical parkinsonism (AP) comprises mainly multiple system atrophy (MSA), progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP), and corticobasal degeneration (CBD), which are distinct pathological entities, presenting with a wide phenotypic spectrum. The classic syndromes are now called MSA-parkinsonism (MSA-P), MSA-cerebellar type (MSA-C), Richardson's syndrome, and corticobasal syndrome. Nonmotor features in AP have been recognized almost since the initial description of these disorders; however, research has been limited. Autonomic dysfunction is the most prominent nonmotor feature of MSA, but also gastrointestinal symptoms, sleep dysfunction, and pain, can be a feature. In PSP and CBD, the most prominent nonmotor symptoms comprise those deriving from the cognitive/neuropsychiatric domain. Apart from assisting the clinician in the differential diagnosis with Parkinson's disease, nonmotor features in AP have a big impact on quality of life and prognosis of AP and their treatment poses a major challenge for clinicians.
Topics: Autonomic Nervous System Diseases; Diagnosis, Differential; Humans; Multiple System Atrophy; Parkinson Disease; Parkinsonian Disorders; Supranuclear Palsy, Progressive
PubMed: 28805573
DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2017.06.001 -
Journal of Parkinson's Disease 2022Parkinsonism-hyperpyrexia syndrome (PHS) and dyskinesia-hyperpyrexia syndrome (DHS) are rare but exhibit life-threatening complications in Parkinson's disease (PD). We... (Review)
Review
Parkinsonism-hyperpyrexia syndrome (PHS) and dyskinesia-hyperpyrexia syndrome (DHS) are rare but exhibit life-threatening complications in Parkinson's disease (PD). We herein presented two cases of PD patients and performed a comprehensive and comparative literature review for these two syndromes. The first case was diagnosed as PHS with cerebral salt wasting syndrome caused by abrupt withdrawal of antiparkinsonian medication. Her symptoms were gradually remitted with reinstitution of the medication. The second one was an early-stage PD patient diagnosed as DHS in association with abuse of antiparkinsonian drugs. Her symptoms were gradually remitted with reduced dosage of dopaminergic drugs. Results of literature reviews revealed a total of 56 and 13 cases of PHS and DHS, respectively, and they were more likely to occur in elderly and long-term PD patients. These two syndromes showed different female-to-male ratio, similar mortality, and different recovery time. There were stark differences between PHS and DHS, including triggers (abrupt drug stoppage versus drug abuse), symptoms (worsened tremor and rigidity versus continuous dyskinesia), and treatment (drug reinstitution versus drug reduction). In summary, our reports and the review provide new insights into PHS and DHS in association with PD and may facilitate rapid discrimination of the syndromes for timely and proper treatment to reduce mortality.
Topics: Aged; Antiparkinson Agents; Female; Humans; Levodopa; Male; Parkinson Disease; Parkinsonian Disorders; Syndrome; Tremor
PubMed: 35811538
DOI: 10.3233/JPD-223362 -
British Medical Journal Jan 1952
Topics: Parkinson Disease; Parkinsonian Disorders
PubMed: 14896066
DOI: 10.1136/bmj.1.4750.153 -
Trends in Endocrinology and Metabolism:... Feb 2019The pathogenic mechanisms underlying Parkinson's disease (PD)/parkinsonism affect mitochondrial and endolysosomal trafficking. The retromer is required to retrieve some... (Review)
Review
The pathogenic mechanisms underlying Parkinson's disease (PD)/parkinsonism affect mitochondrial and endolysosomal trafficking. The retromer is required to retrieve some proteins from endosomes to the Golgi and plasma membrane. Here, we discuss how retromer-dependent retrieval also affects ceramide metabolism. Compelling studies across PD models in Drosophila and mammalian neurons reveal a pathogenic cascade implicating retromer dysfunction and mitochondrial defects. We argue that ceramides may play a critical role in the pathobiology based on the studies of PLA2G6 and VPS35 in Drosophila mutants and human knock-down cells. In addition, pathogenic variants in many lysosomal storage disorder genes have recently been associated with PD, suggesting a potential overlap between the pathogenic mechanisms underlying these disorders. We propose that disruption of ceramide metabolism may affect endolysosomal and mitochondrial function, and plays an important role in PD/parkinsonism.
Topics: Animals; Drosophila; Drosophila Proteins; Humans; Parkinson Disease; Parkinsonian Disorders; Sphingolipids
PubMed: 30528460
DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2018.11.003 -
Disease-a-month : DM Dec 2012
Topics: Humans; Parkinson Disease; Parkinsonian Disorders
PubMed: 23149522
DOI: 10.1016/j.disamonth.2012.08.010 -
Journal of Parkinson's Disease 2018Recent epidemiological observations have drawn attention to the rapid rise in the burden caused by Parkinson's disease over the past years, emphasizing that Parkinson's...
Recent epidemiological observations have drawn attention to the rapid rise in the burden caused by Parkinson's disease over the past years, emphasizing that Parkinson's disease is a matter of serious concern for our future generations. A recent report by Public Health England corroborates this message, by providing new insight on trends in deaths associated with neurological diseases in England between 2001 to 2014. The report indicates that mortality associated with Parkinson's disease and related disorders increased substantially between 2001 and 2014. This trend is partially explained by increased longevity in the population. However, it is possible that changes in exposure to risk factors, recent improvements in multidisciplinary care (leading to prolonged survival), and improved diagnostic awareness or improved registration also influenced the observed trend. Furthermore, patients with Parkinson's disease and related disorders were found to die at an advanced age, and the majority die in a care home or hospital, despite a preponderant preference for many patients and their families to spend their last days at home. To combat these concerning observations, future efforts should be focused on providing resources for vulnerable elderly Parkinson patients, avoiding unplanned hospital admissions and out-of-home deaths as much as possible. Possible solutions include a community-based network of specifically trained allied health therapists, personal case managers for Parkinson patients, dedicated Parkinson nursing homes, and improved centralised support services from university clinics to regional community hospitals aimed at facilitating optimal wide-scale care delivery.
Topics: Cause of Death; Delivery of Health Care; Humans; Parkinson Disease; Parkinsonian Disorders; Risk; Survival Rate
PubMed: 30149463
DOI: 10.3233/JPD-181374 -
Rhode Island Medical Journal (2013) Sep 2023The Dopamine Transporter Scan (DaT) is a radionuclear imaging technique which was approved by the FDA to differentiate essential tremor (ET) from Parkinson's disease... (Review)
Review
The Dopamine Transporter Scan (DaT) is a radionuclear imaging technique which was approved by the FDA to differentiate essential tremor (ET) from Parkinson's disease (PD). The scan is a crude indicator of the number of dopamine-secreting cells and is abnormal in presynaptic parkinsonian syndromes. In this article we review this and other possible clinical situations in which a DaT scan may be useful.
Topics: Humans; Dopamine Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins; Parkinsonian Disorders; Parkinson Disease; Radionuclide Imaging
PubMed: 37643339
DOI: No ID Found -
Journal of Chronic Diseases Mar 1961
Topics: Parkinson Disease; Parkinsonian Disorders
PubMed: 13705374
DOI: 10.1016/0021-9681(61)90078-9 -
Revista Medica Del Instituto Mexicano... 2010Parkinsonism is manifested as bradykinesia; tremor with signs and symptoms suggesting Parkinson's disease. The most common cause of Parkinsonism is Idiopathic... (Review)
Review
Parkinsonism is manifested as bradykinesia; tremor with signs and symptoms suggesting Parkinson's disease. The most common cause of Parkinsonism is Idiopathic Parkinson's disease; however, there are other multiple pathologies and situation that have top be considered accordingly in this clinical setting. Since the treatment and outcomes varies widely between these conditions is of paramount importance to work up the Parkinsonism and try to achieve an accurate diagnosis. This review gives a general landscape of Parkinsonism and its most likely differentials.
Topics: Dementia; Diagnosis, Differential; Humans; Parkinson Disease; Parkinsonian Disorders
PubMed: 21192900
DOI: No ID Found -
Drugs of Today (Barcelona, Spain : 1998) Oct 2002Parkinson's disease is a common movement disorder associated with considerable disability. The clinical syndrome of parkinsonism is based on the presence of core... (Review)
Review
Parkinson's disease is a common movement disorder associated with considerable disability. The clinical syndrome of parkinsonism is based on the presence of core clinical features of rest tremor, bradykinesia, rigidity and impaired postural reflexes or gait. Parkinsonism is most often caused by Parkinson's disease, but can also be caused by other disorders, including cerebrovascular disease, multiple-system atrophy, progressive supranuclear palsy and other disorders. Parkinsonism can be identified by questionnaires and confirmed in person or by videotaped clinical examinations. The identification of presymptomatic cases remains problematic but is motivated by the hope for treatment before symptoms appear. Quantitative approaches to the diagnosis of parkinsonism based on the measurement of the cardinal features are available. Clinical approaches should include identification of features atypical for Parkinson's disease, which exclude the diagnosis, and documentation of a response to dopaminergic medications, which support a diagnosis of Parkinson's disease. Loss of smell and visual dysfunction are found in early patients and may be useful in screening protocols. In addition, behavioral changes, including depressive symptoms, may be detected in presymptomatic cases. Cognitive changes, such as impaired set shifting, have been observed in early Parkinson's disease, but can be seen with other causes of parkinsonism. Neuroimaging techniques, including positron emission tomography or single-photon emission computed tomography, are available to quantify dopaminergic neurons, while magnetic resonance imaging may be helpful in differentiating other forms of parkinsonism from Parkinson's disease. There are numerous approaches available to the identification of parkinsonism and Parkinson's disease. The gold standard remains a clinical diagnosis, confirmed by autopsy.
Topics: Humans; Parkinson Disease; Parkinsonian Disorders
PubMed: 12582453
DOI: 10.1358/dot.2002.38.10.740195