-
Journal of Nippon Medical School =... 2018The congenital absence of the pectoralis muscle is usually a manifestation of Poland syndrome. However, a nonsyndromic congenital absence of this muscle is rare, and... (Review)
Review
The congenital absence of the pectoralis muscle is usually a manifestation of Poland syndrome. However, a nonsyndromic congenital absence of this muscle is rare, and such absences are usually partial and unilateral. A complete or bilateral absence is even rarer. Two young men presented to our outpatient clinic with incidentally noted unilateral flat chest walls. By chest computed tomography, they were diagnosed with a congenital unilateral absence of the pectoralis muscles. They did not show any functional disability of the arms. As the congenital absence of the pectoralis muscles is often associated with leukemia and genitourinary anomalies, it is advised that hematological testing and renal ultrasonography be performed, even in nonsyndromic cases.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Humans; Leukemia; Male; Pectoralis Muscles; Poland Syndrome; Radiography, Thoracic; Tomography, X-Ray Computed; Urogenital Abnormalities; Young Adult
PubMed: 30464140
DOI: 10.1272/jnms.JNMS.2018_85-39 -
ANZ Journal of Surgery Oct 2021
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Humans; Pectoralis Muscles; Pyomyositis; Staphylococcal Infections
PubMed: 33629484
DOI: 10.1111/ans.16662 -
Rozhledy V Chirurgii : Mesicnik... 2022Injuries of pectoralis major (PM) muscle are among rare muscle injuries. Due to the lack of experience and knowledge in this field, they are often missed or improperly...
Injuries of pectoralis major (PM) muscle are among rare muscle injuries. Due to the lack of experience and knowledge in this field, they are often missed or improperly treated. Most often they are caused by an indirect mechanism, during strength sports, typically using the bench press. In clinical terms, they are typically characterized by specific disorder of the anterior axillary fold and a hematoma and, after subsidence of the swelling, disfiguration with medial retraction of the muscle belly. The most beneficial imaging method to examine these injuries is MRI with an emphasis on a properly set protocol. According to the Cordasco classification, they are categorized as PM distensions, isolated and complete ruptures. Ruptures involve most frequently the musculotendinous junction and tendon insertion. Operative treatment is indicated in isolated complete ruptures of one portion and complete ruptures of both portions of the pectoralis major tendon, predominantly in young active patients with high functional demands. Surgery should be preferably performed without delay, within no more than 6 weeks, in order to ensure the best results. The most common operative technique is reinsertion of the muscle by means of implants or direct suture. In chronic ruptures, it is often necessary to perform a reconstruction with a tendon graft. The results are good, although worse as compared to an early treatment.
Topics: Humans; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Pectoralis Muscles; Rupture; Tendons
PubMed: 35667871
DOI: 10.33699/PIS.2022.101.5.211-226 -
The Physician and Sportsmedicine Feb 2020: Pectoralis major ruptures are increasing in incidence primarily due to an increase in awareness, activity level among young males between 20 and 40 years of age, and... (Review)
Review
: Pectoralis major ruptures are increasing in incidence primarily due to an increase in awareness, activity level among young males between 20 and 40 years of age, and use of anabolic steroids. Although the majority of pectoralis major ruptures are acute injuries, many chronic ruptures are unrecognized and it is imperative to understand the proper evaluation of these injuries, as well as the appropriate treatment for acute and chronic ruptures.: Pectoralis major ruptures can lead to deformity and physical disability if left untreated. This review paper discusses both acute and chronic ruptures as well as indications for nonoperative treatment and operative treatment to give the reader the best understanding of this diagnosis and proper management.: A systematic review of the literature was performed using a search of electronic databases. Search terms such as , and were used. Case reports, systematic reviews, prospective and retrospective studies were included to provide a comprehensive review. The only exclusion criteria consisted of studies not published in English. This review article includes the anatomy and biomechanics of the pectoralis major muscle, proper evaluation of the patient, operative and nonoperative treatment of acute and chronic pectoralis major ruptures, and outcomes of the recommended treatment.: Nonoperative treatment is indicated for patients with medical comorbidities, older age, incomplete tears, or irreparable damage. Patients treated non-operatively have been shown to lose strength, but regain full range of motion. Patients with surgery before 6 weeks reported better outcomes than patients with surgery between 6 and 8 weeks. The chronicity of the rupture (>8 weeks) increases the likelihood of reconstruction, involving the use of autografts or allografts. Patients treated with delayed repair had significantly better strength, satisfaction, and outcomes than patients with nonoperative treatment. The pectoralis tendon can also be transferred in patients with rotators cuff tears, atrophy, or significant functional limitation. Tendon transfers have been shown to have unpredictable outcomes, but overall satisfactory results.
Topics: Humans; Pectoralis Muscles; Rupture; Tendon Transfer
PubMed: 31246519
DOI: 10.1080/00913847.2019.1637301 -
Radiographics : a Review Publication of... 2017During the past 2 decades, the frequency of pectoralis major muscle injuries has increased in association with the increased popularity of bench press exercises. Injury... (Review)
Review
During the past 2 decades, the frequency of pectoralis major muscle injuries has increased in association with the increased popularity of bench press exercises. Injury of the pectoralis major can occur at the muscle origin, muscle belly, musculotendinous junction, intratendinous region, and/or humeral insertion-with or without bone avulsion. The extent of the tendon injury ranges from partial to complete tears. Treatment may be surgical or conservative, depending on the clinical scenario and anatomic characteristics of the injury. The radiologist has a critical role in the patient's treatment-first in detecting and then in characterizing the injury. In this article, the authors review the normal anatomy and anatomic variations of the pectoralis major muscle, classifications and typical patterns of pectoralis major injuries, and associated treatment considerations. The authors further provide an instructive guide for ultrasonographic (US) and magnetic resonance (MR) imaging evaluation of pectoralis major injuries, with emphasis on a systematic approach involving the use of anatomic landmarks. After reviewing this article, the reader should have an understanding of how to perform-and interpret the findings of-US and MR imaging of the pectoralis major. The reader should also understand how to classify pectoralis major injuries, with emphasis on the key findings used to differentiate injuries for which surgical management is required from those for which nonsurgical management is required. Familiarity with the normal but complex anatomy of the pectoralis major is crucial for performing imaging-based evaluation and understanding the injury findings. RSNA, 2017 Online supplemental material is available for this article.
Topics: Diagnosis, Differential; Evidence-Based Medicine; Humans; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Multiple Trauma; Pectoralis Muscles; Tendon Injuries; Ultrasonography; Weight Lifting
PubMed: 28076015
DOI: 10.1148/rg.2017160070 -
Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Clinics... Aug 2014There has been a gradual shift of the utilization of pectoralis major myocutaneous (PMMC) pedicled flaps with the current advancements in the successful development of... (Review)
Review
There has been a gradual shift of the utilization of pectoralis major myocutaneous (PMMC) pedicled flaps with the current advancements in the successful development of vascularized free flaps. Currently, PMMC flaps are considered a salvage mechanism after failure of a free vascularized flap or used as the reconstructive option for patients who are considered poor candidates for free flaps. This review discusses the PMMC flap for reconstruction of the oral and maxillofacial region, from preoperative considerations and anatomy to surgical technique and possible complications. Advantages and disadvantages for such flaps are also discussed.
Topics: Head; Humans; Myocutaneous Flap; Neck; Pectoralis Muscles; Plastic Surgery Procedures; Skin Transplantation
PubMed: 25086697
DOI: 10.1016/j.coms.2014.05.010 -
The Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports... Aug 2017A 33-year-old male military service member was referred to physical therapy 4 days after competing in a bench-press competition, during which he was unable to accomplish...
A 33-year-old male military service member was referred to physical therapy 4 days after competing in a bench-press competition, during which he was unable to accomplish an attempt due to a sharp/stabbing pain in his right shoulder. Given the concern for a ruptured pectoralis major, and after consultation with the orthopaedic surgeon and radiologist, magnetic resonance imaging was performed. Findings revealed a complete rupture of the pectoralis major tendon, with up to 5 cm of retraction. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2017;47(8):578. doi:10.2519/jospt.2017.7277.
Topics: Adult; Humans; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Male; Military Personnel; Pain; Pectoralis Muscles; Physical Therapy Modalities; Rupture; Weight Lifting
PubMed: 28760091
DOI: 10.2519/jospt.2017.7277 -
Gegenbaurs Morphologisches Jahrbuch 1983Origins, length, and insertion zones of the pectoralis muscles are described. The pocket of the pectoralis major and the square area of these muscles and some variations...
Origins, length, and insertion zones of the pectoralis muscles are described. The pocket of the pectoralis major and the square area of these muscles and some variations (Mm. sternales and the muscular arch) are included.
Topics: Adult; Aged; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Pectoralis Muscles
PubMed: 6884731
DOI: No ID Found -
Aesthetic Surgery Journal Feb 2014Although the anatomy of the individual pectoralis major and minor muscles has been described previously, never before has the anatomic relationship between these muscles...
BACKGROUND
Although the anatomy of the individual pectoralis major and minor muscles has been described previously, never before has the anatomic relationship between these muscles been investigated.
OBJECTIVE
The authors identify the anatomic relationship of the costal origins of the pectoralis major and minor muscles.
METHODS
Bilateral thoracic wall dissection was completed in 102 cadavers. In each dissection, the chest wall soft tissue was removed, and the distance between costal origins of the pectoralis major and the pectoralis minor muscles was measured.
RESULTS
In 49 female and 53 male cadavers, 202 pectoralis major muscles were lifted to expose the costal origins of the pectoralis major and minor muscles. Distances between pectoralis major and pectoralis minor muscles were separated into 3 categories: less than 1 cm, between 1 and 3 cm, and greater than 3 cm. Forty-nine (24%) pectoralis muscle dissections displayed a distance of less than 1 cm between costal muscle origins. Eighty-three dissections (41%) showed an intermediate distance of between 1 and 3 cm, while the remaining 70 (35%) were over 3 cm. No significant difference was observed in these percentages with regard to sex. Ten cadavers displayed asymmetry in pectoralis muscle origin distance. Eight specimens displayed shared fibers between pectoralis major and minor muscles.
CONCLUSIONS
The anatomic relationship between the costal origin of the pectoralis major and minor muscles is highly variable. Understanding this spatial relationship has important implications for cosmetic and reconstructive breast surgery.
Topics: Adult; Cadaver; Dissection; Female; Humans; Male; Pectoralis Muscles; Ribs
PubMed: 24402060
DOI: 10.1177/1090820X13519643 -
The Journal of the American Academy of... Apr 2022Pectoralis major tendon ruptures are being reported with increasing frequency and primarily occur in young, high demand, male patients. The injury results from an...
Pectoralis major tendon ruptures are being reported with increasing frequency and primarily occur in young, high demand, male patients. The injury results from an eccentric contracture of the muscle most commonly while performing the bench press maneuver during weight training. In the setting of both acute and chronic injury, physical examination is critical for a timely and accurate diagnosis. During physical examination, comparison with the opposite side is imperative, and findings may include swelling, ecchymosis, loss of the anterior axillary fold, and a decreased pectoralis major index. Surgical treatment of acute ruptures is superior to nonsurgical treatment and results in improved functional outcomes and high levels of return to work and sport. Repair of chronic tears is more challenging and may require reconstruction with autograft or allograft tissue. Despite advances in surgical technique, tendon rerupture, persistent pain, and wound infection remain a concern.
Topics: Humans; Male; Pectoralis Muscles; Rupture; Tendons; Transplantation, Homologous
PubMed: 35025841
DOI: 10.5435/JAAOS-D-21-00541