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Bailliere's Clinical Haematology Jan 1990
Review
Topics: AIDS Serodiagnosis; Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome; Adolescent; Adult; Africa; Animals; Child; Child, Preschool; Female; HIV Seroprevalence; Health Policy; Homosexuality; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Male; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications, Infectious; Sex Work; Social Conditions; Substance-Related Disorders; Transfusion Reaction
PubMed: 2182139
DOI: 10.1016/s0950-3536(05)80087-3 -
The Journal of the American Osteopathic... May 1988
Review
Topics: Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome; Adolescent; Child; Humans
PubMed: 3047086
DOI: No ID Found -
Indian Pediatrics Jul 1993
Topics: Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome; Child; Child, Preschool; HIV-1; Humans; India; Infant; Socioeconomic Factors
PubMed: 8132279
DOI: No ID Found -
Antibiotics and Chemotherapy 1991
Review
Topics: Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome; Burkitt Lymphoma; Child; Child, Preschool; Democratic Republic of the Congo; Female; Humans; Infant; Lymphoma; Male; Sarcoma, Kaposi
PubMed: 1883214
DOI: 10.1159/000419726 -
Vox Sanguinis 1986The etiologic agent for acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) has been identified as human T lymphotropic virus type III (HTLV-III). Its distinguishing...
The etiologic agent for acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) has been identified as human T lymphotropic virus type III (HTLV-III). Its distinguishing characteristics and putative receptor, the T4 molecule, are discussed. The Western Blot method has been applied to assess the presence of antibody to HTLV-III in patients as a measure of infection with HTLV-III. The definition of AIDS in children, based on the Centers for Disease Control surveillance criteria, is explored and expanded. Clinical and laboratory manifestations of pediatric AIDS are explained in the context of 'HTLV-III infection' through an analysis of prospective and retrospective serologic studies. Transmission of the disease is explored through parental history of infected children. Finally, the rationale for antibody replacement therapy is set forth.
Topics: Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome; B-Lymphocytes; Child; Child, Preschool; Collodion; Deltaretrovirus Infections; Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel; Female; HIV; Humans; Hypergammaglobulinemia; Immunization, Passive; Pulmonary Fibrosis; T-Lymphocytes; T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer; Viral Envelope Proteins
PubMed: 2876550
DOI: 10.1111/j.1423-0410.1986.tb02005.x -
ASDC Journal of Dentistry For Children 1996Almost seven thousand pediatric AIDS cases with a death rate of 55 percent have been reported. The continuing increase and spread of this epidemic to different child... (Review)
Review
Almost seven thousand pediatric AIDS cases with a death rate of 55 percent have been reported. The continuing increase and spread of this epidemic to different child populations and areas in the country is reviewed. Because the progress of this epidemic, pediatric practitioners require an awareness of the evolving epidemiologic patterns require an awareness of the evolving epidemiologic patterns in both the pediatric and adult populations.
Topics: Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome; Adolescent; Adult; Age Distribution; Child; Child, Preschool; Ethnicity; Female; HIV Infections; Humans; Incidence; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical; Male; Prevalence; Residence Characteristics; Sex Distribution; Transfusion Reaction; United States
PubMed: 8708126
DOI: No ID Found -
The American Journal of the Medical... Sep 1992Of the 1446 AIDS cases reported in Romania, 79% were in the pediatric age group. Of these children, 28% lived with their families, 30% were orphans, and 42% were...
Of the 1446 AIDS cases reported in Romania, 79% were in the pediatric age group. Of these children, 28% lived with their families, 30% were orphans, and 42% were abandoned. Among the AIDS-affected children, 32% were less than 1 year old and 67% were 1-4 years old. The natural history of AIDS in Romania was characterized by a high death rate from opportunistic infections. Chronic undernutrition imposed by the communist program of "rational feeding of the population," immunodepression induced by the radiation generated by the accident at Chernobyl, hard physical work in an environment intensely polluted by industrial waste, excessive use of injectable therapies and transfusions of HIV-untested blood, lack of education of the medical staff and the population, and tourism have contributed to the AIDS epidemic in Romania. Kaposi's sarcoma was infrequent (7.7%) in AIDS patients. However, a significant number of European-type Kaposi's sarcoma cases with negative tests for the HIV infection were reported.
Topics: Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome; Adult; Age Factors; Child; Child, Preschool; Female; Humans; Infant; Male; Prevalence; Romania; Sex Characteristics
PubMed: 1476158
DOI: 10.1097/00000441-199209000-00008 -
Pediatrics Jan 2009Health professional capacity for delivery of HIV/AIDS care and treatment is severely constrained across sub-Saharan Africa. African health professional expertise in... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
Health professional capacity for delivery of HIV/AIDS care and treatment is severely constrained across sub-Saharan Africa. African health professional expertise in pediatrics is in particularly short supply. Here we describe a Pediatric AIDS Corps program that was designed to place pediatricians and other physicians in Africa on a long-term basis to expand existing health professional capacity for pediatric and family HIV/AIDS care and treatment. In the first 2 years of this program, 76 physicians were placed in 5 African countries that have been hit hard by HIV/AIDS. Enrollment of HIV-infected children in care more than quadrupled over a 24-month period, to 26 590. We believe that this pilot program can serve as a model for larger-scale efforts to immediately expand access for African children and families to life-saving HIV/AIDS care and treatment.
Topics: Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome; Adult; Africa; Africa South of the Sahara; Female; HIV Infections; Health Personnel; Health Resources; Health Services Accessibility; Health Workforce; Humans; Male; Pediatrics; Physicians; Pilot Projects
PubMed: 19117871
DOI: 10.1542/peds.2008-0402 -
The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal Sep 2020Few attempts have been made to monitor progress toward HIV diagnosis and antiretroviral treatment (ART) coverage targets in children, and the impact that ART and...
BACKGROUND
Few attempts have been made to monitor progress toward HIV diagnosis and antiretroviral treatment (ART) coverage targets in children, and the impact that ART and prevention of mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT) programs have had on pediatric HIV incidence and mortality.
METHODS
A multiparameter evidence synthesis approach was adopted to integrate South African pediatric HIV data sources. A previously developed model of HIV in South Africa was calibrated to household survey HIV prevalence data, routine antibody testing data, data on numbers and ages of children on ART, vital registration data and data on HIV diagnosis at death. The impact of ART and PMTCT was estimated by comparing validated model outputs against model predictions of the trends that would have been expected in the absence of ART and PMTCT.
RESULTS
By mid-2018, the model estimated that 75.2% (95% CI: 73.9%-76.8%) of HIV-positive children were diagnosed, substantially lower than the corresponding estimates in HIV-positive adults (91.0%). ART coverage in children in 2018 (51.2%, 95% CI: 49.4%-52.7%) was also lower than that in adults (62.0%). In 2017-2018, the numbers of new cases of mother-to-child transmission and pediatric AIDS deaths were reduced by 84% and 94%, respectively, relative to what would have been expected in the absence of interventions, but reductions in mortality were driven largely by PMTCT.
CONCLUSIONS
Although levels of AIDS mortality in children have declined dramatically in South Africa, this has mostly been due to successful PMTCT programs, and progress toward the 90-90-90 targets appears relatively poor when compared with that in adults.
Topics: Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome; Adolescent; Child; Child, Preschool; Humans; Incidence; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical; Models, Theoretical; Mortality; Prevalence; South Africa
PubMed: 32433224
DOI: 10.1097/INF.0000000000002680 -
Nutrition (Burbank, Los Angeles County,... Oct 1998Nutrition is a final common pathway in chronic disease, and weight loss is a major manifestation of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). In sub-Saharan Africa,... (Review)
Review
Nutrition is a final common pathway in chronic disease, and weight loss is a major manifestation of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). In sub-Saharan Africa, studies have shown that 25% of children with malnutrition have human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, although patterns of malnutrition are indistinguishable from those who are HIV negative. Breast-feeding increases the risk of vertical transmission, and the overall risk versus benefit needs continuing careful consideration in relation to local mortality from gastroenteritis and malnutrition. Chronic diarrhea is much more common in HIV-infected children in Africa and may have a multiplicity of causes, including infection with adherent forms of Escherichia coli, protozoa, and even direct HIV infection of intestinal mucosal cells. The HIV wasting syndrome produces reduction in bioelectrical impedence, fat, lean body mass, and body cell mass, but the changes can be predicted from equations used in starvation states. Micronutrients may be important, but observed changes may be due to immune mediator activation, rather than malnutrition. Calorie supplementation is beneficial when delivered by any route, but is likely to produce the greatest positive change when CD4 counts are highest in relation to calorie intake. Paradoxically, HIV-infected children may be obese early in the disease until AIDS develops. There is an inextricable link between disease and nutritional status. In children with AIDS wasting syndrome, a low CD4 count and high viral load are likely so that effective antiviral treatment may ultimately produce the greatest improvement in health, including nutritional status.
Topics: Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome; Adolescent; Africa South of the Sahara; Breast Feeding; Child; Diarrhea; Humans; Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical; Nutrition Disorders; Nutritional Status; Weight Loss
PubMed: 9785358
DOI: 10.1016/s0899-9007(98)00080-x