-
The Practitioner Mar 1993
Review
Topics: Female; Humans; Pelvic Inflammatory Disease; Recurrence
PubMed: 8351256
DOI: No ID Found -
International Journal of STD & AIDS Nov 2005Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) remains a significant cause of morbidity worldwide, with the potential to result in serious reproductive complications. Much of the... (Review)
Review
Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) remains a significant cause of morbidity worldwide, with the potential to result in serious reproductive complications. Much of the definitive work regarding PID was completed in the 1960s and 1970s. More recently, however, there have been a range of studies published that have contributed to our understanding of PID. Aetiologically, the main pathogens are chlamydia and gonorrhoea, but may include Mycoplasma genitalium and anaerobic Gram-negative rods. Risk factors associated with the development of PID include inconsistent barrier contraception, possibly vaginal douching, and the oral contraceptive pill likely masking the clinical severity of the disease. The small risk associated with the intrauterine device is limited to the first few weeks after insertion. New diagnostic techniques being evaluated include Doppler ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging. Management must be prompt to prevent complications, and there are no apparent differences in clinical outcomes, whether treated as an inpatient or outpatient. Effective disease prevention includes widespread chlamydia screening and improving education.
Topics: Female; Humans; Intrauterine Devices; Pelvic Inflammatory Disease; Risk Factors
PubMed: 16303062
DOI: 10.1258/095646205774763270 -
Indian Journal of Pediatrics Sep 2004Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is highly prevalent among sexually active adolescent females. The major organisms are N gonorrhoeae and C trachomatis. Diagnosis is... (Review)
Review
Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is highly prevalent among sexually active adolescent females. The major organisms are N gonorrhoeae and C trachomatis. Diagnosis is based on historical information and clinical findings. Early diagnosis and treatment effectively reduce the incidence of complications associated with PID. Highly effective treatment regimens are available and main antimicrobials used include quinolones, cephalosporins, metronidazole, doxycycline, and azithromycin. Delay or inadequate treatment is associated with long term sequelae including tubal infertility and chronic pelvic pain. Prevention efforts should be directed towards routine screening and treatment for sexually transmissible infections, public education and provision of resources for treatment and follow-up.
Topics: Adolescent; Anti-Infective Agents; Female; Humans; Pelvic Inflammatory Disease; Prognosis
PubMed: 15448393
DOI: 10.1007/BF02730726 -
International Journal of Fertility 1986
Review
Topics: Female; Humans; Laparoscopy; Pelvic Inflammatory Disease
PubMed: 2898435
DOI: No ID Found -
American Family Physician Mar 1996Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) results from an ascending polymicrobial infection of unclear pathogenesis. One in 10 women in the United States has PID during her... (Review)
Review
Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) results from an ascending polymicrobial infection of unclear pathogenesis. One in 10 women in the United States has PID during her reproductive years. Medical costs of managing the disease and its sequelae are over $5 billion per year. One out of four women with PID has serious sequelae, including infertility, ectopic pregnancy or chronic pelvic pain. Patients with PID present with a spectrum of clinical symptoms and signs, none of which conclusively makes the diagnosis. The diagnosis of PID relies on a high index of suspicion, coupled with empiric therapeutic intervention and careful follow-up. Revised guidelines from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention include recommendations for the use of broad-spectrum antibiotics, which are initiated before culture results are obtained. Indications for hospitalization are more liberal now than under the previous CDC recommendations. Prompt recognition, patient compliance with recommended therapy and treatment of the sexual partner decrease the risk of sequelae. Family physicians can make significant contributions to the health care of women through skillful management of PID.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Female; Humans; Intrauterine Devices; Laparoscopy; Pelvic Inflammatory Disease; Prognosis; Risk Factors; United States
PubMed: 8629562
DOI: No ID Found -
The Medical Clinics of North America Sep 2008Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are an important public health challenge in the United States. Primary care clinicians can contribute to decreasing these largely... (Review)
Review
Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are an important public health challenge in the United States. Primary care clinicians can contribute to decreasing these largely preventable causes of morbidity and mortality by integrating routine screening, testing, counseling, treatment, and partner management of STIs into their practice. Newer tests for chlamydia and gonorrhea that can be performed on urine specimens allow screening without a pelvic examination. The most recent edition of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention sexually transmitted disease treatment guidelines provides an evidence-based, reliable, and convenient set of recommendations for treating and caring for patients who have STIs.
Topics: Female; Humans; Pelvic Inflammatory Disease; Sexually Transmitted Diseases
PubMed: 18721654
DOI: 10.1016/j.mcna.2008.04.011 -
Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy Apr 2006Pelvic inflammatory disease, the infection and inflammation of the female upper genital tract, is a common cause of infertility, chronic pain and ectopic pregnancy.... (Review)
Review
Pelvic inflammatory disease, the infection and inflammation of the female upper genital tract, is a common cause of infertility, chronic pain and ectopic pregnancy. Diagnosis and management are challenging, due largely to a polymicrobial etiology which is not fully delineated. Signs and symptoms of this syndrome vary widely, further complicating diagnosis and treatment. Due to the potential for serious sequelae, a low threshold for diagnosis and treatment is recommended. Since pelvic inflammatory disease has a multimicrobial etiology including Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Chlamydia trachomatis and anaerobic and mycoplasmal bacteria, treatment of pelvic inflammatory disease should be broad spectrum. Recent treatment trials have focused on shorter duration regimens such as azithromycin and monotherapies including ofloxacin, although data are sparse. Research comparing sequelae development by differing antimicrobial regimens is extremely limited, but will ultimately shape future treatment guidelines. Several promising short-duration and monotherapy antibiotic regimens should be evaluated in pelvic inflammatory disease treatment trials for compliance, microbiological and clinical cure, and reduction of subsequent adverse reproductive and gynecological morbidity.
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Female; Humans; Infertility, Female; Pelvic Inflammatory Disease; Pregnancy; Pregnancy, Ectopic
PubMed: 16597205
DOI: 10.1586/14787210.4.2.235 -
Texas Medicine Feb 2002Pelvic inflammatory disease is relatively common in sexually active adolescents. Most cases are only mildly symptomatic, and criteria for diagnosis should not be... (Review)
Review
Pelvic inflammatory disease is relatively common in sexually active adolescents. Most cases are only mildly symptomatic, and criteria for diagnosis should not be stringent. Although chlamydial or gonorrheal infections or both are common in pelvic inflammatory disease, other aerobic and anaerobic organisms are often also present and may be the only causative agents. Commonly used initial therapy, e.g., ceftriaxone and doxycycline, treats some but not all of these organisms. Patients should be seen within 48 to 72 hours after initiating therapy; lack of improvement suggests noncompliance with antibiotic therapy, the need for broader-spectrum antibiotic coverage, a tubo-ovarian abscess, or a mistake in diagnosis. Important preventive measures include screening of sexually active, asymptomatic adolescents for gonorrheal and chlamydial infections, not only in clinics for sexually transmitted diseases and family planning but also in primary care settings. Urine tests that amplify chlamydial and gonococcal nucleic acid are noninvasive and very accurate.
Topics: Adolescent; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Female; Humans; Pelvic Inflammatory Disease; Recurrence; Risk Factors; Sexually Transmitted Diseases, Bacterial
PubMed: 11862890
DOI: No ID Found -
Radiographics : a Review Publication of... 2002Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is a common medical problem, affecting nearly 1 million women each year. Although the radiology literature is replete with discussions... (Review)
Review
Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is a common medical problem, affecting nearly 1 million women each year. Although the radiology literature is replete with discussions of the sonographic manifestations of PID, little has been published regarding the computed tomographic (CT) appearances of this entity. CT findings in early PID include obscuration of the normal pelvic floor fascial planes, thickening of the uterosacral ligaments, cervicitis, oophoritis, salpingitis, and accumulation of simple fluid in the endometrial canal, fallopian tubes, and pelvis. As the disease progresses, this simple fluid may become complex and the inflammatory changes may progress to frank tubo-ovarian or pelvic abscesses. Reactive inflammation of adjacent structures is common and can manifest as small or large bowel ileus or obstruction, hydroureter and hydronephrosis, right upper quadrant inflammation (Fitz-Hugh-Curtis syndrome), or peritonitis. Familiarity with the CT appearances of these manifestations is important for timely diagnosis and treatment of PID and its complications.
Topics: Diagnosis, Differential; Female; Humans; Pelvic Inflammatory Disease; Tomography, X-Ray Computed
PubMed: 12432105
DOI: 10.1148/rg.226025062 -
BETA : Bulletin of Experimental... Mar 1996
Topics: Female; HIV Seropositivity; Humans; Immunity; Pelvic Inflammatory Disease
PubMed: 11363314
DOI: No ID Found