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American Family Physician Apr 2012Pelvic inflammatory disease is a polymicrobial infection of the upper genital tract. It primarily affects young, sexually active women. The diagnosis is made clinically;... (Review)
Review
Pelvic inflammatory disease is a polymicrobial infection of the upper genital tract. It primarily affects young, sexually active women. The diagnosis is made clinically; no single test or study is sensitive or specific enough for a definitive diagnosis. Pelvic inflammatory disease should be suspected in at-risk patients who present with pelvic or lower abdominal pain with no identified etiology, and who have cervical motion, uterine, or adnexal tenderness. Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae are the most commonly implicated microorganisms; however, other microorganisms may be involved. The spectrum of disease ranges from asymptomatic to life-threatening tubo-ovarian abscess. Patients should be treated empirically, even if they present with few symptoms. Most women can be treated successfully as outpatients with a single dose of a parenteral cephalosporin plus oral doxycycline, with or without oral metronidazole. Delay in treatment may lead to major sequelae, including chronic pelvic pain, ectopic pregnancy, and infertility. Hospitalization and parenteral treatment are recommended if the patient is pregnant, has human immunodeficiency virus infection, does not respond to oral medication, or is severely ill. Strategies for preventing pelvic inflammatory disease include routine screening for chlamydia and patient education.
Topics: Administration, Oral; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Biopsy; Chlamydia trachomatis; Diagnostic Imaging; Drug Therapy, Combination; Endometrium; Female; Gynecological Examination; Hospitalization; Humans; Infusions, Parenteral; Male; Mass Screening; Medical History Taking; Neisseria gonorrhoeae; Nucleic Acid Amplification Techniques; Pelvic Inflammatory Disease; Pregnancy; Risk Factors; Sexual Partners
PubMed: 22534388
DOI: No ID Found -
Pediatrics in Review Apr 2013
Review
Topics: Abdominal Pain; Adolescent; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Diagnosis, Differential; Female; Humans; Pelvic Inflammatory Disease
PubMed: 23547062
DOI: 10.1542/pir.34-4-163 -
Infectious Diseases in Obstetrics and... 2011
Topics: Female; Humans; Pelvic Inflammatory Disease
PubMed: 22547912
DOI: 10.1155/2011/714289 -
Infectious Disease Clinics of North... Dec 1994The pathophysiology of pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) involves an ascending infection of cervicovaginal microorganisms, of which the most important pathogens are... (Review)
Review
The pathophysiology of pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) involves an ascending infection of cervicovaginal microorganisms, of which the most important pathogens are Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia trachomatis. The clinician should recognize that not all women with PID will present with abdominal pain and that associated atypical symptoms such as meteorrhagia and dyspareunia should suggest diagnosis. The documentation of lower genital tract inflammation is helpful in making the diagnosis of PID. Treatment with broad spectrum antibiotic regimens is currently recommended. Prevention of sexually transmitted diseases and ascending infection remains of utmost importance to decrease the sequelae, such as tubal factor infertility and ectopic pregnancy associated with PID.
Topics: Female; Humans; Pelvic Inflammatory Disease
PubMed: 7890934
DOI: No ID Found -
The New England Journal of Medicine Jan 1994
Review
Topics: Female; Humans; Pelvic Inflammatory Disease
PubMed: 8259168
DOI: 10.1056/NEJM199401133300207 -
Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic, and... 1985A dramatic increase in the incidence of pelvic inflammatory disease in recent years has led to a parallel increase in consequent infertility. The economic and... (Review)
Review
A dramatic increase in the incidence of pelvic inflammatory disease in recent years has led to a parallel increase in consequent infertility. The economic and psychologic costs of infection and infertility are severe and preventable. The author reviews and outlines current diagnostic and therapeutic recommendations that are now being used to prevent infectious morbidity. A brief review of the indications, techniques, and prospects for surgical correction of tubal disease and pelvic adhesions is also presented.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Age Factors; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Chlamydia Infections; Chlamydia trachomatis; Fallopian Tubes; Female; Gonorrhea; Humans; Iatrogenic Disease; Infertility, Female; Intrauterine Devices; Laparoscopy; Mycoplasma; Mycoplasma Infections; Neisseria gonorrhoeae; Patient Education as Topic; Pelvic Inflammatory Disease; Preoperative Care; Risk; Salpingitis; Sexual Behavior
PubMed: 2934523
DOI: 10.1111/j.1552-6909.1985.tb02796.x -
Emergency Medicine Practice Dec 2016Pelvic inflammatory disease is a common disease that is associated with significant complications including infertility, chronic pelvic pain, ruptured tubo-ovarian... (Review)
Review
Pelvic inflammatory disease is a common disease that is associated with significant complications including infertility, chronic pelvic pain, ruptured tubo-ovarian abscess, and ectopic pregnancy. The diagnosis may be delayed when the presentation has nonspecific signs and symptoms. Even when it is properly identified, pelvic inflammatory disease is often treated suboptimally. This review provides evidence-based recommendations for the diagnosis, treatment, disposition, and follow-up of patients with pelvic inflammatory disease. Arranging follow-up of patients within 48 to 72 hours and providing clear patient education are fundamental to ensuring good patient outcomes. Emerging issues, including new pathogens and evolving resistance patterns among pelvic inflammatory disease pathogens are reviewed.
Topics: Decision Making; Diagnosis, Differential; Emergency Service, Hospital; Female; Humans; Pelvic Inflammatory Disease
PubMed: 27879197
DOI: No ID Found -
Journal of Pediatric and Adolescent... Dec 2009
Review
Topics: Adolescent; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Contact Tracing; Fallopian Tubes; Female; Humans; Pelvic Inflammatory Disease
PubMed: 19885975
DOI: 10.1016/j.jpag.2009.03.002 -
Australian Family Physician Nov 2006Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is a treatable condition with serious long term sequelae. The recognition and diagnosis of PID can be challenging due to the wide... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is a treatable condition with serious long term sequelae. The recognition and diagnosis of PID can be challenging due to the wide spectrum of disease and clinical presentation.
OBJECTIVE
This article discusses the presentation, aetiology, diagnosis, management, and prevention of PID.
DISCUSSION
A high index of suspicion and a low threshold for treatment for women at risk of PID may help decrease the burden of serious associated morbidity. Screening for chlamydia in young sexually active women may reduce the incidence of PID.
Topics: Algorithms; Female; Humans; Pelvic Inflammatory Disease; Risk Factors
PubMed: 17099803
DOI: No ID Found -
The Journal of Family Practice Jan 1983The rising incidence of pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), coupled with the development of more sophisticated and effective diagnostic techniques, has created a new body... (Review)
Review
The rising incidence of pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), coupled with the development of more sophisticated and effective diagnostic techniques, has created a new body of knowledge regarding the microbiology, diagnosis, and natural history of this disease. Acute pelvic inflammatory disease is the major gynecologic health problem in the United States. Distinguishing acute PID from the other causes of acute pelvic pain is often a difficult task. Careful consideration of a patient's risk profile for PID and utilization of the diagnostic techniques available are invaluable in helping the clinician accurately make this differentiation. The microbial spectrum involved in PID is complex and must be taken into consideration when selecting an antibiotic regimen. The recent addition of new, broad-spectrum antibiotics to the physician's therapeutic armamentarium has led to increasingly effective management options. Despite the effectiveness of current medical and surgical therapy, the staggering economic, medical, and social consequences of PID mandates more aggressive efforts at its prevention.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Contraception; Diagnosis, Differential; Female; Genital Diseases, Female; Gonorrhea; Hospitalization; Humans; Pelvic Inflammatory Disease; Prognosis; United States
PubMed: 6336777
DOI: No ID Found